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Association between overweight, obesity, and quality of life of patients receiving an anticancer treatment for prostate cancer: a systematic literature review

Abstract

Background

Prostate cancer (PCa) and obesity are two ever-increasing public health issues that can independently impair the quality of life (QOL) of affected patients. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of overweight and obesity on the QOL of patients with PCa receiving an anticancer treatment.

Methods

We performed a systematic review of the literature using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The search equation targeted studies that included PCa patients who had a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25 kg/m2, who were receiving anticancer therapy, and whose QOL was analyzed according to validated or non-validated scores.

Results

Of 759 identified articles, we selected 20 studies published between 2000 and 2019 of 12,529 patients treated for PCa, including 5549 overweight or obese patients. QOL assessment was performed using nine validated scales and two non-validated questionnaires. Of seven studies on radiotherapy, six found obesity to have a negative impact on patients' QOL (especially urinary, sexual, and bowel-related QOL). Thirteen studies assessed the QOL of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy, with a BMI > 25 kg/m2 having no observed impact. In obese patients under 65 years of age and without comorbidities, nerve-sparing surgery appeared to limit the deterioration of QOL. Four studies on brachytherapy found discordant results. One study showed greater QOL impairment in obese patients receiving first-generation hormone therapy than in those with normal or decreased BMI. No study evaluated the QOL of overweight or obese patients receiving other types of systemic treatment.

Conclusion

Based on the published data, the level of evidence for an association between QOL and overweight or obesity in patients treated for PCa is not high. Prospective cohort studies including this type of patient population are warranted to answer this topical public health issue.

Background

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common form of cancer in men. Nearly 1.5 million were diagnosed with this disease in 2020 [1]. PCa is also the sixth leading cause of cancer death in men, being responsible for 375,000 deaths worldwide in 2020. Depending on stage and aggressiveness as well as on patient age, vulnerabilities, and comorbidities, the treatment options differ. Each is associated with a distinct toxicity profile. Various curative therapies are offered to men with a survival probability of more than 10 years and localized or locally advanced cancer. These are active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, brachytherapy, cryotherapy, and external radiotherapy with or without hormone therapy.

Since the 1980s, quality of life (QOL) has become a major objective in the medical management of oncology patients [2]. In most clinical trials today, it is a key endpoint for treatment approval. Despite recent improvements in radiotherapy and surgical techniques, local treatment of PCa often leads to impaired QOL due to sexual, urinary, and gastrointestinal toxicity. Moreover, anxiety disorders, depression, and fatigue are general adverse effects that can be found regardless of the treatment regimen. Chemical castration by hormone therapy can lead to weight gain or vasomotor symptoms. Because of the relative indolence of PCa, heterogeneity and toxicity of PCa treatments, and clinical condition of patients, QOL is of considerable importance.

In 2018, more than half of American adults reported having a health problem or chronic disease, including obesity [3]. The World Health Organization recognizes obesity as a "global pandemic," with a tripling in worldwide prevalence since 1975. In 2016, nearly 40% of people over 18 were overweight and one in eight adults were obese [4]. Obesity interacts with many chronic diseases, including PCa. Some studies have shown that an elevated body mass index (BMI) is associated with a risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality and biochemical recurrence in PCa patients [5]. Moreover, according to the World Cancer Research Fund, obesity may increase the risk of advanced PCa [6]. However, the influence of obesity on the QOL of patients treated for PCa has only been studied in small sample populations with variable levels of evidence.

The objective is to assess the association between overweight or obesity and QOL in patients who received a treatment for PCa.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement (PRISMA) [7]. It is registered in the PROSPERO Database of the National Institute for Health Research under number 339197 [8].

We conducted research without any time filter based on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases. We included any English-language original article that focused on the impact of being overweight or obese on the QOL of patients receiving specific anticancer treatment for PCa. All the definitions of the different items used for the search equations are defined in Additional file 1: Appendix 1. We included studies of patients with PCa regardless of histologic type and tumor stage, except studies on best supportive care only. The treatments were categorized as follows: radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, or brachytherapy with or without hormone therapy, or systemic therapy alone.

We used the search terms "prostatic neoplasms," "prostate cancer," "quality of life," "overweight," and "obesity". The search equations we used on Pubmed and Embase databases are described in Additional file 1: Appendix 2. Because of the multitude and heterogeneity of QOL assessment scales in PCa, this literature review included all scales to be as exhaustive as possible. No treatment strategies were excluded. Reviews, editorials, and case reports were not included. Eligibility criteria are summarized in Additional file 1: Appendix 3.

Articles were screened by evaluating the title and abstract for the inclusion criteria. Two care providers (MC, EK) reviewed the remaining full text for relevance. Once the final list of studies was obtained, two independent investigators (MC, LD) conducted a double-blind collection of the items of interest according to a previously defined collection grid (Additional file 1: Appendix 4). In the event of a discrepancy, a third independent investigator who is a specialist in medical oncology and methodology (EK) settled the issue. We assessed the risk of bias of the included studies with the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-sectional Studies [9].

Results

The completed PRISMA 2020 Checklist is shown in Additional file 1: Appendix 5.

Study selection

In all, 759 articles were identified from the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases using the search equation (Fig. 1). After we excluded irrelevant articles, 179 remained. After reviewing the remaining full-text articles for relevance, a total of 20 were identified for inclusion in this review (Table 1). The combined population of those 20 articles was 12,529 patients with PCa, including 5549 overweight or obese patients. These 20 studies were published between 2000 and 2019.

Fig. 1
figure 1

PRISMA study selection flowchart and exclusion criteria

Table 1 Main characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review

Study characteristics

The assessment of study bias is summarized in Table 2. The number of patients included per study ranged from 32 [10] to 1884 [11]. None of the studies were randomized, 10 were retrospective, 10 were prospective longitudinal observational studies, 5 were conducted in multiple centers, and 12 were conducted in the last 10 years, including 6 in the last 5 years. None of the studies evaluated castration-resistant metastatic disease, patients on second-generation hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or metabolic radiotherapy. In total, 10 studies highlighted the impact of age on QOL in patients receiving specific anticancer therapy for PCa.

Table 2 Bias analysis

QOL assessment

The choice of scale depended on the purpose of the study. When QOL was assessed in a general way, the SF-36 or RAND 36 questionnaires were used [11, 12]. To evaluate the impact of PCa treatments on one or more functional symptoms affecting urinary, sexual, and gastrointestinal QOL, the authors used validated scales like EPIC 26 (Expanded Prostate Cancer Index, 10 studies), UCLA-PCI (University of California Los Angeles Prostate Cancer Index, 4 studies), EORTC QLQ-PR25 (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer—Quality of Life Prostate, 1 study), IIEF (Index of Erectile Function, 4 studies), SHIM (Sexual Health Inventory for Men, 2 studies), IPSS (International Prostate Symptom Score, 5 studies), ICIQ-SF6 (International Consultation Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form, 2 studies), and Vaizey score for rectal symptomatology [1 study]. Three authors used non-validated questionnaires, and three others aimed to improve QOL assessment in patients treated for PCa by developing new instruments [13,14,15]. The assessment scales and scores used in the reviewed studies are available in Additional file 1: Appendix 7

Body mass assessment

All studies focused on BMI divided into categories. Most studies compared normal weight (BMI > 25 kg/m2), overweight (25–30 kg/m2) and obese (> 30 kg/m2), while others only compared obese versus non-obese patients [13, 16, 17] or overweight versus normal weight patients [14, 18]. Three other studies [19,20,21] only mentioned median BMI and the Taiwanese study [22] did not provide any information on BMI values, categorizing it as either high or normal. Finally, seven studies distinguished between grades of obesity (BMI 30–34.9 kg/m2, 35–40 kg/m2, or greater than 40 kg/m2). This allowed the impact of the grades of obesity to be investigated more precisely.

Patient characteristics

The median age of the patients included in each study ranged from 59 to 69 years. Patient tumor stages were available in 12 studies, with a mean of 75% of patients having T1 disease in 7 studies. When comorbidities were specifically collected [12, 13, 21, 23, 24], hypertension was the most frequently encountered comorbidity, followed by diabetes and coronary heart disease. Patients' marital status and level of education or standard of living were recorded in seven studies, five of which were American.

Impact of patient BMI on QOL according to type of anticancer treatment

Only one study [21] on hormone therapy included metastatic patients. Most of the studies involved one treatment or a combination of local treatments. Thirteen articles dealt with prostatectomy, eight with radiotherapy, and five with brachytherapy. Five studies evaluated multiple treatments. None focused on systemic chemotherapy alone.

Due to the heterogeneity of the timing of assessment (3 to 60 months) and of the QOL scores used and the variable definitions of overweight and obesity, it was not possible to perform a quantitative analysis. Among the 13 studies of radical prostatectomy, 5 showed that obesity increased the risk of post-prostatectomy urinary disorders, while 5 others did not find any association. Likewise, 3 studies highlighted a negative relationship between sexual disorders and obesity, while 2 others reported the impact of high BMI on post-prostatectomy vitality. The conclusions of the 6 studies that looked at radiotherapy were more unanimous. Obesity and overweight had a negative impact on QOL, 2 observing an effect on sexual function, 3 on urinary function, and 3 on vitality. These adverse events appeared to occur after a long interval after radiation therapy (12 to 60 months) in 4 of them [13, 17, 20, 25]. Regarding the 4 studies that looked at brachytherapy, 2 found a negative relationship between obesity and QOL on bowel, urinary, and sexual function. Finally, a single 2018 study [21] found increased vasomotor symptoms, fatigue, and insomnia in patients on LHRH analogs who had higher BMI.

Discussion

This systematic review of 20 studies involving 12,529 patients with PCa, of whom 5549 were overweight or obese, showed that being overweight was more frequently associated with impaired erectile and urinary function, and decreased vitality after radiotherapy. The results after radical prostatectomy and brachytherapy were more discordant, suggesting a possible effect of obesity and overweight on urinary and sexual function. Severe hormone therapy-related toxicity such as vasomotor symptoms occurred more in overweight or obese patients. The impact of high BMI on QOL has never been studied in patients receiving second-generation hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or metabolic radiotherapy with radium-223.

These results may have some explanations. In 2013, a French study suggested that physical, technical, and dosimetric difficulties in radiotherapy may increase acute and late toxicities in patients with higher BMI [26]. In patients undergoing prostatectomy, no study has ever been able to determine the real impact of obesity on QOL. Therefore, some studies recommend prostatectomy in obese patients given the advances in robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery [27]. Conversely, others consider obesity to be a predictor of adverse effects on QOL [28, 29]. In this systematic review, overweight and obesity alone do not seem to impair QOL after prostatectomy.

Several confounding factors may be at work. First, the age of the patients in these 20 studies varied significantly. Aging seems to be associated with a higher risk of post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence [14, 16, 22] and erectile dysfunction [13, 15, 24, 30]. In one study, the impact of obesity on QOL was lower in younger patients [31]. According to the literature, obesity in the elderly and aging tends to favor the appearance of comorbidities and increase complications [32]. But this question remains complex and debated, and some studies seem to show on the contrary better survival outcomes in older, overweight patients treated for cancer [33, 34].

Second, it has long been known that obesity is a risk factor for certain pathologies, such as hypertension, diabetes, or coronary artery disease [35]. These comorbidities and their treatments, independently of weight, can cause erectile dysfunction, reduced libido, and impaired QOL [36]. Comorbidities varied across the 20 studies analyzed in our review. Over half of the obese patients in one of our studies had two to four comorbidities or more [11]. The impairment of physical function, vitality, and global QOL postoperatively was greater in these highly comorbid patients. In contrast, fewer comorbidities appear to correlate with a lower impact of overweight and obesity [23, 30, 37].

Finally, the type of anticancer treatment may have contributed itself to an interpretation bias in some studies. Those that mostly included patients who underwent nerve-sparing surgery concluded that overweight had no impact on postoperative QOL [16, 23, 31]. Other specific patients’ characteristics may explain the choice between radiotherapy and radical prostatectomy for patients with a localized PCa.

To our knowledge, this study is the first literature review to examine the impact of obesity on the QOL of obese patients treated for PCa. This question is crucial from a public health point of view, as these two pathologies are frequent and increasing worldwide. Half of the studies in our literature review were prospective. This allowed us to obtain reliable, although sometimes contradictory, results.

Our literature review has some limitations. None of the studies focused on new systemic therapeutic strategies for PCa, such as second-generation hormone therapy or metabolic radiotherapy. New studies should be carried out to address this little-known issue. The heterogeneity of the patients' characteristics probably affected their QOL, and thus biased our evaluation of its association with overweight and obesity. Finally, the timing of assessment and the scales related to QOL and comorbidities were heterogeneous and may have changed ever since [36].

Conclusion

The existence of a dual public health issue of PCa and overweight or obesity led us to conduct this literature review, which included 20 studies on impaired QOL in actively treated patients. Our results highlight that overweight and obesity negatively impacted QOL in patients receiving radiotherapy for PCa, particularly their urinary, sexual, and bowel function, 12 months and more after treatment. The results were more discordant in patients receiving prostatectomy or brachytherapy. In this context of rising obesity and PCa, prospective studies evaluating their interaction and the effectiveness of public health measures to combat obesity are expected.

Availability of data and materials

All data analyzed during this study are published articles available online.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to warmly thank Mrs. ALLORY Sylviane, from the UPEC (Université Paris-Est Créteil), for her precious help in the realization of the research equation that we used in this systematic literature review.

Funding

This systematic literature review was not supported by any sponsor.

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Contributions

LD had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: LD, MC, EK. Acquisition of data: LD, MC. Analysis and interpretation of data: LD, MC, EK, FCP. Drafting of the manuscript: MC, LD, EK. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: LD, MC, EK, CT, YB, ADT, FCP. Statistical analysis: None. Obtaining funding: None. Administrative, technical, or material support: EK. Supervision: EK. Other: None. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Emmanuelle Kempf.

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Supplementary Information

Additional file 1.

Appendix 1. Items definitions. Appendix 2. Search equations. Appendix 3. Eligibility criteria. Appendix 4. Items of interest. Appendix 5. PRISMA 2020 Checklist. Appendix 6. Comorbidities Scores. Appendix 7. QOL Scales.

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Depotte, L., Caroux, M., Gligorov, J. et al. Association between overweight, obesity, and quality of life of patients receiving an anticancer treatment for prostate cancer: a systematic literature review. Health Qual Life Outcomes 21, 11 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-023-02093-2

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