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Table 3 Ordinal regression of associations between the factors and the CPQ11–14 scores

From: The factors that influence the oral health-related quality of life in 12-year-old children: baseline study of a longitudinal research

 

OS (ISF:8)

FL (ISF:8)

EWB (ISF:8)

SWB (ISF:8)

CPQ11–14 ISF: 8 total score

OS (RSF:8)

FL (RSF:8)

EWB (RSF:8)

SWB (RSF:8)

CPQ11–14 RSF: 8 total score

 

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

OR (95%CI)

P

Sociodemographic status

 Gender

  Fa

                    

  M

1.89 (1.38, 2.59)

0.000**

1.13 (0.84, 1.53)

0.414

0.72 (0.53, 0.97)

0.030*

0.94 (0.70, 1.28)

0.702

1.14 (0.85, 1.54)

0.383

1.23 (0.91, 1.67)

0.180

0.77 (0.57, 1.04)

0.091

0.67 (0.49, 0.90)

0.008**

1.01 (0.75, 1.37)

0.928

0.96 (0.71, 1.29)

0.774

Father’s education

  Primary school graduate or belowa

                    

  Secondary school graduate or below

1.71 (1.04, 2.82)

0.035*

1.14 (0.71, 1.82)

0.595

2.10 (1.30, 3.40)

0.003**

1.26 (0.78, 2.04)

0.335

1.78 (1.11, 2.86)

0.017**

1.78 (1.10, 2.91)

0.020*

0.96 (0.60, 1.53)

0.863

1.70 (1.05, 2.73)

0.029*

1.41 (0.88, 2.27)

0.154

1.60 (1.00, 2.55)

0.0504

  College graduate or above

1.12 (0.56, 2.26)

0.745

1.22 (0.63, 2.36)

0.554

1.96 (1.00, 3.81)

0.048*

1.60 (0.82, 3.12)

0.168

1.74 (0.90, 3.36)

0.100

1.51 (0.76, 2.98)

0.235

0.70 (0.36, 1.36)

0.293

2.62 (1.34, 5.09)

0.005**

1.50 (0.77, 2.92)

0.229

1.72 (0.89, 3.32)

0.105

Mother’s education

  Primary school graduate or belowa

                    

  Secondary school graduate or below

0.50 (0.30, 0.83)

0.007**

0.60 (0.37, 0.97)

0.039*

0.43 (0.26, 0.71)

0.001**

0.74 (0.45, 1.21)

0.224

0.49 (0.30, 0.80)

0.004**

0.41 (0.25, 0.68)

0.000**

0.61 (0.38, 1.00)

0.049*

0.52 (0.32, 0.85)

0.010*

0.53 (0.33, 0.87)

0.012*

0.45 (0.27, 0.73)

0.001**

  College graduate or above

0.49 (0.23, 1.05)

0.066

0.50 (0.24, 1.03)

0.061

0.50 (0.24, 1.03)

0.061

0.71 (0.34, 1.48)

0.366

0.47 (0.23, 0.97)

0.040*

0.26 (0.12, 0.56)

0.000**

0.57 (0.28, 1.18)

0.132

0.64 (0.31, 1.33)

0.229

0.65 (0.32, 1.35)

0.249

0.37 (0.18, 0.76)

0.007**

Household income

  Below HK$10,000a

                    

  HK$10,001-HK$20,000

1.28 (0.85, 1.93)

0.244

1.15 (0.77, 1.71)

0.490

1.24 (0.83, 1.84)

0.291

0.96 (0.65, 1.43)

0.853

1.09 (0.74, 1.62)

0.651

1.38 (0.92, 2.07)

0.115

1.00 (0.68, 1.48)

0.994

1.08 (0.72, 1.60)

0.715

0.98 (0.66, 1.45)

0.901

1.16 (0.78, 1.71)

0.464

  HK$20,001-HK$30,000

0.84 (0.50, 1.42)

0.517

1.12 (0.68, 1.85)

0.646

1.13 (0.69, 1.85)

0.640

0.89 (0.54, 1.47)

0.643

0.85 (0.52, 1.40)

0.521

1.27 (0.77, 2.11)

0.351

0.91 (0.55, 1.49)

0.696

1.09 (0.66, 1.79)

0.737

0.72 (0.44, 1.19)

0.206

0.94 (0.58, 1.55)

0.821

  HK$30,001-HK$40,000

1.50 (0.82, 2.73)

0.187

1.89 (1.06, 3.38)

0.031*

1.62 (0.90, 2.89)

0.106

0.87 (0.48, 1.57)

0.643

1.28 (0.72, 2.28)

0.400

1.51 (0.84, 2.73)

0.169

1.46 (0.82, 2.61)

0.197

1.12 (0.63, 2.01)

0.700

1.24 (0.70, 2.22)

0.465

1.49 (0.84, 2.65)

0.175

  Over HK$40,001

0.96 (0.50, 1.83)

0.894

1.34 (0.73, 2.48)

0.345

1.04 (0.56, 1.91)

0.903

0.69 (0.37, 1.29)

0.250

0.82 (0.44, 1.50)

0.516

1.06 (0.56, 1.99)

0.862

1.02 (0.55, 1.90)

0.940

0.64 (0.34, 1.19)

0.155

0.77 (0.41, 1.42)

0.395

0.86 (0.47, 1.57)

0.615

Malocclusion

 IOTN (DHC) treatment need

  No needa

                    

  Borderline need

0.91 (0.60, 1.40)

0.681

1.30 (0.86, 1.94)

0.210

0.92 (0.61, 1.38)

0.681

1.07 (0.71, 1.61)

0.760

1.10 (0.73, 1.65)

0.645

1.12 (0.74, 1.69)

0.584

0.85 (0.56, 1.28)

0.424

1.12 (0.75, 1.69)

0.577

0.75 (0.50, 1.14)

0.179

0.87 (0.58, 1.30)

0.505

  Definite need

0.86 (0.60, 1.23)

0.415

1.45 (1.03, 2.05)

0.034*

1.29 (0.92, 1.82)

0.145

1.52 (1.08, 2.16)

0.017*

1.33 (0.94, 1.87)

0.107

1.10 (0.77, 1.56)

0.596

1.24 (0.88, 1.75)

0.219

1.24 (0.88, 1.76)

0.220

1.16 (0.82, 1.64)

0.396

1.23 (0.87, 1.73)

0.234

 IOTN (AC) treatment need

  No needa

                    

  Borderline need

1.17 (0.76, 1.79)

0.477

1.30 (0.86, 1.97)

0.216

1.32 (0.87, 2.00)

0.189

1.90 (1.25, 2.88)

0.003**

1.54 (1.02, 2.33)

0.041*

1.45 (0.95, 2.20)

0.083

1.14 (0.75, 1.72)

0.549

1.31 (0.86, 2.00)

0.203

1.26 (0.83, 1.91)

0.283

1.48 (0.98, 2.23)

0.065

  Definite need

0.58 (0.28, 1.21)

0.147

1.24 (0.64, 2.40)

0.519

0.90 (0.46, 1.75)

0.758

2.06 (1.07, 3.98)

0.031*

1.23 (0.64, 2.38)

0.532

0.76 (0.38, 1.51)

0.434

0.79 (0.41, 1.56)

0.504

1.03 (0.53, 2.00)

0.928

0.97 (0.50, 1.89)

0.928

0.91 (0.47, 1.77)

0.790

 DAI severity and treatment need

  Normal or minor malocclusion- no treatment need or slight needa

                    

  Definite malocclusion- treatment selective Definite malocclusion- treatment selective

1.14 (0.78, 1.67)

0.490

1.35 (0.94, 1.94)

0.109

1.25 (0.87, 1.79)

0.235

1.49 (1.03, 2.15)

0.035*

1.35 (0.94, 1.94)

0.102

1.28 (0.89, 1.86)

0.188

1.08 (0.75, 1.56)

0.671

1.44 (0.99, 2.07)

0.054

1.13 (0.78, 1.63)

0.508

1.37 (0.95, 1.96)

0.091

  Severe malocclusion- treatment highly desirable

0.90 (0.57, 1.43)

0.660

1.34 (0.87, 2.08)

0.184

1.71 (1.10, 2.65)

0.016*

1.51 (0.97, 2.34)

0.068

1.44 (0.94, 2.23)

0.097

1.38 (0.89, 2.14)

0.154

1.29 (0.84, 2.00)

0.250

1.25 (0.81, 1.95)

0.311

1.37 (0.88, 2.12)

0.161

1.59 (1.03, 2.45)

0.037*

  Very severe (handicapping) malocclusion-treatment mandatory

0.90 (0.50, 1.63)

0.736

1.75 (1.00, 3.05)

0.0499*

1.16 (0.67, 2.04)

0.594

3.06 (1.74, 5.36)

0.000**

1.90 (1.09, 3.33)

0.024*

1.19 (0.67, 2.11)

0.547

1.06 (0.60, 1.86)

0.840

1.81 (1.03, 3.19)

0.041*

1.39 (0.80, 2.44)

0.246

1.64 (0.94, 2.87)

0.081

 ICON treatment need

  Noa

                    

  Yes

1.15 (0.83, 1.59)

0.408

1.39 (1.02, 1.90)

0.040*

1.13 (0.83, 1.55)

0.432

1.36 (1.00, 1.87)

0.053

1.40 (1.02, 1.91)

0.035*

1.25 (0.91, 1.72)

0.165

1.05 (0.77, 1.44)

0.764

1.06 (0.77, 1.45)

0.715

1.20 (0.88, 1.65)

0.246

1.27 (0.93, 1.74)

0.126

 ICON complexity

  Easya

                    

  Mild

1.07 (0.74, 1.53)

0.726

1.31 (0.92, 1.85)

0.132

1.03 (0.73, 1.45)

0.869

1.07 (0.76, 1.52)

0.690

1.13 (0.80, 1.59)

0.503

0.95 (0.67, 1.35)

0.783

1.03 (0.73, 1.46)

0.852

1.44 (1.01, 2.03)

0.041*

0.98 (0.69, 1.38)

0.895

1.14 (0.81, 1.61)

0.444

  Moderate

1.54 (0.90, 2.61)

0.112

1.40 (0.84, 2.35)

0.198

1.28 (0.76, 2.13)

0.354

1.61 (0.96, 2.71)

0.070

1.48 (0.88, 2.46)

0.136

1.79 (1.07, 3.02)

0.027*

1.20 (0.72, 2.01)

0.486

1.52 (0.90, 2.55)

0.115

1.35 (0.80, 2.26)

0.257

2.01 (1.20, 3.37)

0.008**

  Difficult

0.90 (0.44, 1.84)

0.771

1.54 (0.78, 3.04)

0.216

1.32 (0.67, 2.60)

0.427

1.73 (0.87, 3.42)

0.117

1.63 (0.83, 3.20)

0.160

1.01 (0.50, 2.01)

0.986

0.84 (0.42, 1.67)

0.617

1.30 (0.65, 2.58)

0.457

0.86 (0.43, 1.71)

0.665

1.03 (0.52, 2.03)

0.934

  Very difficult

0.74 (0.32, 1.71)

0.480

1.71 (0.79, 3.71)

0.173

0.92 (0.42, 2.00)

0.836

2.28 (1.05, 4.95)

0.036*

1.45 (0.67, 3.15)

0.341

0.77 (0.34, 1.73)

0.531

0.69 (0.31, 1.55)

0.371

1.61 (0.74, 3.52)

0.233

0.95 (0.43, 2.08)

0.897

1.11 (0.51, 2.40)

0.789

PAR

  Almost ideal occlusiona

                    

  Acceptable occlusion

0.91 (0.60, 1.37)

0.646

1.01 (0.68, 1.51)

0.958

1.04 (0.70, 1.54)

0.858

1.02 (0.69, 1.53)

0.910

1.07 (0.73, 1.59)

0.719

0.94 (0.63, 1.41)

0.762

0.86 (0.58, 1.28)

0.465

1.18 (0.79, 1.75)

0.422

1.22 (0.82, 1.82)

0.321

1.09 (0.74, 1.61)

0.662

  Malocclusion

0.91 (0.59, 1.39)

0.657

1.57 (1.04, 2.37)

0.031*

1.01 (0.67, 1.52)

0.958

1.32 (0.87, 1.99)

0.192

1.31 (0.87, 1.97)

0.192

1.24 (0.82, 1.88)

0.316

0.86 (0.57, 1.30)

0.481

1.16 (0.77, 1.75)

0.471

1.19 (0.79, 1.80)

0.403

1.16 (0.77, 1.74)

0.480

Periodontal and carries status

 Periodontal status

                    

  CPI score = 0a

                    

  CPI score > 0

1.44 (0.91, 2.30)

0.122

1.43 (0.92, 2.22)

0.113

1.61 (1.04, 2.49)

0.034*

1.43 (0.92, 2.24)

0.115

1.63 (1.05, 2.53)

0.028*

1.10 (0.71, 1.72)

0.665

1.19 (0.77, 1.84)

0.435

1.40 (0.91, 2.17)

0.127

1.12 (0.73, 1.73)

0.605

1.18 (0.76, 1.81)

0.462

 Caries experience

   < SiC Index valuea

                    

   > =SiC Index value

1.06 (0.69, 1.63)

0.799

1.33 (0.88, 2.01)

0.175

1.18 (0.78, 1.79)

0.426

1.31 (0.87, 1.99)

0.197

1.29 (0.85, 1.94)

0.227

1.16 (0.76, 1.76)

0.491

1.08 (0.72, 1.64)

0.702

1.36 (0.89, 2.06)

0.153

1.60 (1.06, 2.42)

0.026*

1.34 (0.89, 2.02)

0.165

  1. Statistical method: Ordinal regression (link function: logit), each orthodontic index adopted one separate ordinal regression; dependent variable: CPQ scores classified into four groups with cut-off points as quartile (1: scores < =first quartile; 2: first quartile < scores < =second quartile; 3: second quartile < scores < = third quartile; 4: scores > third quartile); a: reference group; OR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; *: P < 0.05. **: P < 0.01
  2. N: sample size; adjusted OR: malocclusions adjusted for gender, father’s education level (primary school graduate or below; secondary school, post-secondary or above), mother’s education level (levels set as father’s education), household income (Below HK$10000, HK$10001-HK$20000, HK$20001-HK$30000, HK$30001-HK$40000, HK$40001 or above), caries experience (DMFT < SiC Index value, DMFT > =SiC Index value), and periodontal status (CPI score = 0, CPI score > 0); gender, socioeconomic status, periodontal and caries status adjusted for the previous variables and malocclusion measured by DAI
  3. OS Oral symptoms domain, FL Functional limitations domain, EWB Emotional well-being domain, SWB Social well-being domain, SiC Index Significant Caries Index
  4. Results of statistical analysis