Abdool Karim SS, Abdool Karim Q, Gouws E, Baxter E: Global epidemiology of HIV-AIDS. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2007, 21: 1–17. 10.1016/j.idc.2007.01.010
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Harrison D: An overview of Health and Health care in South Africa 1994–2010: Priorities, Progress and Prospects for New Gains. 2009.
Google Scholar
UNAIDS: Epidemiological Fact Sheet on HIV and AIDS. Core data on epidemiology and response, South Africa; 2008.
Google Scholar
Department of Health: HIV/AIDS and STI strategic plan for South Africa. 2007.
Google Scholar
Andersson N, Cockcroft A, Shea B: Gender-based violence and HIV: relevance for HIV prevention in hyperendemic countries of southern Africa. AIDS 2008, 22: 73–86. 10.1097/01.aids.0000341778.73038.86
Article
Google Scholar
Jewkes R, Penn-Kekana L, Levin J, Ratsaka M, Schrieber M: Prevalence of emotional, physical and sexual abuse of women in three South African provinces. SAMJ 2001, 91: 421–428.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC: Sexual assault history and risks for sexually transmitted infections among women in an African township in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care 2004, 16: 681–689. 10.1080/09540120410331269530
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wyatt GE, Myers HF, Loeb TB: Women, Trauma, and HIV: an overview. AIDS Behav 2004, 8: 401–403. 10.1007/s10461-004-7324-3
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Walton G, Co SJ, Milloy MJ, Qi J, Kerr T, Wood E: High prevalence of childhood emotional, physical and sexual trauma among a Canadian cohort of HIV-seropositive illicit drug users. AIDS Care 2011., 9: 10.1080/09540121.2010.525618.
Google Scholar
Dunkle KL, Jewkes RK, Brown HC, Yoshihama M, Gray GE, McIntyre JA, Harlow SD: Prevalence and Patterns of Gender-based Violence and Revictimization among Women Attending Antenatal Clinics in Soweto, South Africa. Am J Epidemiol 2004, 160: 230–239. 10.1093/aje/kwh194
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jewkes R, Levin J, Mbananga N, Bradshaw D: Rape of girls in South Africa. Lancet 2002, 359: 319–320. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07530-X
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jewkes RK, Dunkle K, Nduna M, Jama PN, Puren A: Associations between childhood adversity and depression, substance abuse and HIV and HSV2 incident infections in rural South African youth. Child Abuse Negl 2010, 34: 833–841. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.05.002
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Last JM: A dictionary of epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.
Google Scholar
Cleary PD, Fowler FJ Jr, Weissman J, Massagli MP, Wilson I, Seage GR, Gatsonis C, Epstein A: Health-related quality of life in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Med Care 1993, 31: 560–580.
Article
Google Scholar
Hays R, Shapiro M: An overview of generic health-related quality of life measures of HIV research. Qual Life Res 1992, 1: 91–97. 10.1007/BF00439716
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wu AW, Rubin HR, Matthews WC, Ware JE Jr, Brysk LT, Hardy WD, Bozzette SA, Spector SA, Richman DD: A health status questionnaire using 30 items from the medical outcomes study. Med Care 1991, 29: 786–795. 10.1097/00005650-199108000-00011
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fantoni M, Ricci F, Del Borgo C, Izzi I, Damiano F, Moscati AM, Marasca G, Bevilacqua N, Del forno A: Multicentre study on the prevalence of symptoms and symptomatic treatment in HIV infection. J Palliat Care 1997, 13: 9–13.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hudson AL, Kirksey K, Holzemer WL: The influence of symptoms on quality of life among HIV-infected women. West J Nurs Res 2004, 26: 9–23. 10.1177/0193945903259221
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mathews WC, McCutchan JA, Asch S, Turner BJ, Gifford AL, Kuromiya K, Brown J, Shapiro MF, Bozzette SA: National estimates of HIV-related symptom prevalence for the HIV Cost and Services Utilization study. Med Care 2000, 38: 750–762. 10.1097/00005650-200007000-00007
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tsai YF, Hsiung PC, Holzemer WL: Validation of a Chinese version of the sign and symptom checklist for persons with HIV disease. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003, 25: 363–368. 10.1016/S0885-3924(02)00687-5
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Martinez A, Isrealski D, Walker C, Koopman C: Post-traumatic stress disorder in women attending human immune-deficiency virus outpatient clinics. AIDS patient care STDs 2002, 16: 283–291. 10.1089/10872910260066714
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ickovics JR, Hamburger ME, Vlahov D, Schoenbaum EE, Schuman P, Boland RJ, Moore J: Mortality, CD4 cell count decline, and depressive symptoms among HIV seropositive women: Longitudinal analysis from the HIV Epidemiology Research Study. JAMA 2001, 285: 1466–1474. 10.1001/jama.285.11.1466
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kemppainen JK, Holzemer WL, Nokes K, Eller LS, Corless IB, Bunch EH: Self-care management of anxiety and fear in HIV disease. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2003, 14: 21–29.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Neidig JL, Smith BA, Brashers DE: Aerobic exercise training for depressive symptom management in adults living with HIV infection. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 2003, 14: 30–40. 10.1177/1055329002250992
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leserman J, Jackson ED, Petitto JM, Golden RN, Silva SG, Perkins DO, Cai J, Folds JD, Evans DL: Progression to AIDS: the effects of stress, depressive symptoms, and social support. Psychosom Med 1999, 61: 397–406.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Stutterheim SE, Pryor JB, Bos AE, Hoogendijk R, Muris P, Schaalma HP: HIV- related stigma and psychological distress: the harmful effects of specific stigma manifestations in various social settings. AIDS 2009, 23: 2353–2357. 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283320dce
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Peltzer K, Phaswana-Mafuya N: The symptom experience of people living with HIV and AIDS in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. BMC Health Serv Res 2008, 8: 1–8. 10.1186/1472-6963-8-1
Article
Google Scholar
Sowell RL, Seals BF, Moneyham L, Demi A, Cohen L, Brake S: Quality of life in HIV-infected women in the south-eastern United States. AIDS Care 2007, 9: 501–512.
Article
Google Scholar
Atkins JH, Rubenstein SL, Sota TL, Rueda S, Fenta H, Bacon J, Rourke SB: Impact of social support on cognitive symptom burden in HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care 2010, 22: 793–802. 10.1080/09540120903482994
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gielen AC, McDonnell KA, Wu AW, O'Campo P, Faden R: Quality of life among women living with HIV: the importance violence, social support, and self care behaviors. Soc Sci Med 2001, 52: 315–322. 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00135-0
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cederfjall C, Langius-Eklof A, Lidman K, Wredling R: Gender differences in perceived health-related quality of life among patients with HIV infections. AIDS Patient Care STDs 2001, 11: 283–291.
Google Scholar
Holmes WC, Shea JA: Performance of a new, HIV/AIDS-targeted quality of life (HAT-QoL) instrument in asymptomatic seropositive individuals. Qual Life Res 1997, 6: 561–571. 10.1023/A:1018464200708
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mrus JM, Williams P, Tsevat J, Cohn SE, Wu AW: Gender differences in health-related quality of life in patients with HIV/AIDS. Qual Life Res 2005, 14: 479–491. 10.1007/s11136-004-4693-z
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chandra PS, Satyanarayana VA, Satishchandra P, Satish KS, Kumar M: Do Men and Women with HIV Differ in Their Quality of Life? A study from South India. AIDS and Behav 2008, 13: 110–117.
Article
Google Scholar
Linzer M, Spitzer R, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Hahn S, Brody D, deGruy F: Gender, quality of life, and mental disorders in primary care: results from the PRIME-MD 1000 study. Am J Med 1996, 101: 526–533. 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00275-6
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Anastos K, Gange SJ, Lau B, Weiser B, Detels R, Giorgi JV, Margolick JB, Cohen M, Phair J, Melnick S, Rinaldo CR, Kovacs A, Levine A, Landesman S, Young M, Muňoz A, Greenblatt RM: Association of Race and Gender with HIV-1 RNA Levels and Immunologic Progression. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000, 24: 218–226.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jones DJ, Beach SR, Forehand R, Foster SE: Self-reported health in HIV-positive African American women: the role of family stress and depressive symptoms. J Behav Med 2003, 26: 577–599. 10.1023/A:1026205919801
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kimerling R, Armistead L, Forehand R: Victimization experiences and HIV infection in women: associations with serostatus, psychological symptoms, and health status. J Trauma Stress 1999, 12: 41–58. 10.1023/A:1024790131267
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Simoni JM, Ng MT: Abuse, health locus of control, and perceived health among HIV-positive women. Health Psychol 2002, 21: 89–93.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jewkes RK, Nduna M, Levin JB, Jama PN, Khuzwayo N, Duvvury N, Koss MP: The impact of childhood trauma on HIV risk behaviors of young women in South Africa. In proceedings of the 15th International Conference on AIDS. Thailand; 2004.
Google Scholar
Wyatt GE, Myes HF, Williams JK, Kitchen CR, Loeb T, Carmona JV, Wyatt LE, Chin D, Presley N: Does History of Trauma Contribute to HIV Risk for Women of Color? Implications for Prevention and Policy. Am J Public Health 2002, 92: 660–666. 10.2105/AJPH.92.4.660
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnsen LW, Harlow LL: Childhood sexual abuse linked with adult substance use, victimization, and AIDS risk. AIDS Educ Prev 1996, 8: 44–57.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lechner ME, Vogel ME, Garcia-Shelton LM, Leichter JL, Steibel KR: Self-reported medical problems of adult female survivors of childhood sexual abuse. J Fam Pract 1993, 36: 633–638.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lodico MA, DiClemente RJ: The association between childhood sexual abuse and prevalence of HIV-related risk behaviors. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1994, 33: 98–502.
Article
Google Scholar
Thompson NJ, Potter JS, Sanderson CA, Maibach EW: The reliability of sexual abuse and HIV risk behaviors among heterosexual adult female STD patients. Child Abuse Negl 1997, 21: 149–156. 10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00140-8
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zierler S, Feingold L, Laufer D, Velentgas P, Kantrowitz-Gordon I, Mayer K: Adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse and subsequent risk of HIV infection. Am J Public Health 1991, 81: 572–575. 10.2105/AJPH.81.5.572
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
MacMillan HL, Fleming JE, Streiner DL, Lin E, Boyle MH, Jamieson E, Duku EK, Walsh CA, Wong MY, Beardslee WR: Childhood abuse and lifetime psychopathology in a community sample. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158: 1878–1883. 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.11.1878
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kaufman J, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB, Charney DS: Effects of early adverse experiences on brain structure and function: clinical implications. Biological Psychiatry 2000, 8: 778–790.
Article
Google Scholar
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M: Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption--II. Addiction 1993, 88: 791–804. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC: The MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 1998, 59: 22–33.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Radloff LS: The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas 1977, 1: 385–401. 10.1177/014662167700100306
Article
Google Scholar
Bernstein DP, Fink L: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A retrospective self-report manual. San Antonio, TX: The psychological Corporation; 1998.
Google Scholar
Endicott J, Nee J, Harrison W, Blumenthal R: Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire: A new measure. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993, 29: 321–326.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Michalak EE, Yatham LL, Lam RW: Quality of life in bipolar disorder: A review of the literature. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2005, 3: 1–17. 10.1186/1477-7525-3-1
Article
Google Scholar
Sheehan DV: The anxiety disease. New York: Scribners; 1993.
Google Scholar
Chelune GJ, Heaton RK, Lehman RAW: Neuropsychological and personality correlated of patient's complaints of disability. New York: Plenum Press; 1986.
Google Scholar
Heaton RK, Marcotte TD, Mindt MR, Sadek J, Moore DJ, Bentley H, McCutchan JA, Reicks C, Grant I, HNRC Group: The inmpact of HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment on everyday functioning. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004, 10: 317–331.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
O'Keefe EA, Wood R: The impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on quality of life in a multiracial South African population. Qual Life Res 1996, 5: 275–80. 10.1007/BF00434749
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cohen M, Deamant C, Barkan S, Richardson J, Young M, Holman S, Anastos K, Cohen J, Melnick S: Domestic violence and childhood sexual abuse in HIV-infected women and women at risk for HIV. Am J Public Health 2000, 90: 560–565. 10.2105/AJPH.90.4.560
Article
CAS
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lindegren ML, Hanson IC, Hammett TA, Beil J, Fleming PL, Ward JW: Sexual abuse of children: intersection with the HIV epidemic. Pediatrics 1998, 102: 1–10. 10.1542/peds.102.1.1
Article
Google Scholar
Andersson N, Cockcroft A, Shea B: Gender-based violence and HIV: relevance for HIV prevention in hyperendemic countries of southern Africa. AIDS 2008, 4: 73–86.
Article
Google Scholar
Arriola KR, Louden T, Doldren MA, Fortenberry RM: A meta-analysis of the relationship of child sexual abuse to HIV risk behavior among women. Child Abuse Negl 2005, 29: 725–746. 10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.10.014
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Heim C, Newport DJ, Mletzko T, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB: The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008, 33: 693–710. 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cruess DG, Petitto JM, Leserman J, Douglas SD, Gettes DR, Ten Have TR, Evans DL: Depression and HIV infection: impact on immune function and disease progression. CNS Spectr 2003, 8: 52–58.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pachankis JE: The psychological implications of conceiling a stigma: A cognitive-affective- behavioral model. Psychol bull 2007, 133: 328–345.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bos AE, Schaalma HP, Pryor JB: Reducing AIDS-related stigma in developing countries: The importance of theory-and evidence-based interventions. Psychol, Health Med 2008, 13: 450–460. 10.1080/13548500701687171
Article
Google Scholar
Gielen AC, McDonnell KA, Wu AW, O'Campo P, Faden R: Quality of life among women living with HIV: the importance violence, social support, and self care behaviors. Soc Sci Med 2001, 52: 315–22. 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00135-0
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tarakeshwar N, Fox A, Ferro C, Khawaja S, Kochman A, Sikkema K: The Connections between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Implications for Interventions. J Community Psychol 2005, 33: 655–672. 10.1002/jcop.20077
Article
Google Scholar
Sikkema KJ, Hansen NB, Kochman A, Tarakeshwar N, Neufeld S, Meade CS, Fox AM: Outcomes from a group intervention for coping with HIV/AIDS and childhood sexual abuse: reductions in traumatic stress. AIDS Behav 2007, 11: 49–60. 10.1007/s10461-006-9149-8
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Persons E, Kershaw T, Sikkema KJ, Hansen NB: The Impact of Shame on Health-Related Quality of Life Among HIV-Positive Adults with a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 2010, 24: 571–580. 10.1089/apc.2009.0209
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kang SY, Goldstein MF, Deren S: Gender differences in health status and care among HIV-infected minority drug users. AIDS Care 2008, 20: 1146–1151. 10.1080/09540120701842746
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miller CM, Kethapile M, Rybasack-Smith H, Rosen S: Why are antiretroviral treatment patients lost to follow-up? A qualitative study from South Africa. Trop Med Int Health 2010, 15: 48–54.
Article
PubMed Central
PubMed
Google Scholar
Robberstad B, Olsen JA: The health related quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa - a literature review and focus group study. Cost eff Resour Alloc 2010, 8: 1–11. 10.1186/1478-7547-8-1
Article
Google Scholar