Table 4 HRQoL - results of the mixed-effects model for all samples after excluding inconsistent responses (N = 320)
EQ-5D-5L utility score | β | Robust SE | p | 95% CI | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time | ||||||
Pre-COVID-19 | Ref | |||||
Acute COVID-19 | -0.080 | 0.024 | 0.001 | -0.128 | -0.032 | |
Long COVID | -0.072 | 0.016 | < 0.001 | -0.103 | -0.042 | |
Post-COVID-19 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.878 | -0.016 | 0.018 | |
Hospitalisation (during first 4 weeks after COVID-19 diagnosis) | -0.020 | 0.041 | 0.625 | -0.101 | 0.060 | |
Hospitalisation interactions | ||||||
Hospitalised x acute COVID-19 | -0.147 | 0.066 | 0.026 | -0.276 | -0.018 | |
Hospitalised x long COVID | -0.186 | 0.053 | < 0.001 | -0.289 | -0.082 | |
Hospitalised x post COVID-19 | 0.059 | 0.039 | 0.126 | -0.017 | 0.135 | |
Adolescent | -0.074 | 0.047 | 0.114 | -0.167 | -0.018 | |
Adolescent interactions | ||||||
Adolescent x acute COVID-19 | -0.020 | 0.041 | 0.627 | -0.101 | 0.061 | |
Adolescent x long COVID | 0.086 | 0.047 | 0.068 | -0.006 | 0.178 | |
Adolescent x post COVID-19 | 0.116 | 0.032 | < 0.001 | 0.053 | 0.180 | |
Acute symptoms | ||||||
General pain | -0.142 | 0.040 | < 0.001 | -0.220 | -0.063 | |
Chills | -0.134 | 0.034 | < 0.001 | -0.201 | -0.067 | |
Long COVID symptoms | ||||||
Difficulty thinking | -0.050 | 0.036 | 0.162 | -0.120 | -0.020 | |
Education | ||||||
University | Ref | |||||
College | -0.012 | 0.029 | 0.688 | -0.069 | 0.045 | |
School | -0.073 | 0.027 | 0.007 | -0.126 | -0.020 | |
Other | -0.014 | 0.118 | 0.906 | -0.246 | 0.218 | |
Employment | ||||||
Full-time | Ref | |||||
Part-time | -0.019 | 0.028 | 0.502 | -0.074 | 0.036 | |
Unemployed | -0.281 | 0.070 | < 0.001 | -0.418 | -0.144 | |
Retired | 0.014 | 0.030 | 0.635 | -0.045 | 0.074 | |
Student | -0.194 | 0.087 | 0.026 | -0.364 | 0.023 | |
Other | -0.132 | 0.069 | 0.056 | -0.268 | 0.003 | |
Productivity losses (hours missed per week) | ||||||
Acute phase | -0.002 | 0.001 | 0.041 | -0.004 | 0.001 | |
Household status | ||||||
Including up to 15 years old | 0.053 | 0.027 | 0.051 | -0.001 | 0.106 | |
Including 16 years old or older | 0.001 | 0.024 | 0.991 | -0.047 | 0.047 | |
Including vulnerable people | -0.061 | 0.031 | 0.052 | -0.122 | 0.001 | |
Comorbidities | ||||||
Diabetes | -0.224 | 0.083 | 0.007 | -0.386 | -0.062 | |
Smoking | -0.117 | 0.040 | 0.004 | -0.196 | -0.038 | |
Hypertension | -0.103 | 0.037 | 0.006 | -0.176 | -0.030 | |
Constant | 0.922 | 0.025 | < 0.001 | 0.874 | 0.971 | |
Number of observations | 1411 | |||||
Goodness-of-fit statistics | ||||||
AIC | -273.4 | |||||
BIC | -112.8 | |||||