Table 1 Sample characteristics

Age in years, mean ± SD (range)

61.8 ± 17.2 (27–92)

Sex, n (%)

 Female

109 (50.0)

 Male

109 (50.0)

Oswestry Disability Index severity levels n (%)

 Bedridden

15 (6.88)

 Crippling

48 (22.02)

 Severe

66 (30.27)

 Moderate

59 (27.06)

 Minimal

30 (13.76)

EQ-5D-3L dimension scores, in %

 Mobility¹ Level 1/2/3

17.9 / 70.6 / 11.5

 Self-care¹ Level 1/2/3

58.7 / 33.5 / 7.8

 Usual activities¹ Level 1/2/3

22.0 / 59.6 / 18.4

 Pain/Discomfort¹ Level 1/2/3

4.1 / 58.3 / 37.6

 Anxiety/Depression¹ Level 1/2/3

57.8 / 38.5 / 3.7

EQ VAS⁶, M (95% CI) [Range]

51.22 (48.05; 54.40) [0; 100]

PROMIS-29 domain scores, M (SD)

 Anxiety⁴

55.94 (10.22)

 Cognition^{2, 3}

45.37 (3.94)

 Depression⁴

54.42 (9.18)

 Fatigue⁴

53.55 (10.81)

 Pain intensity⁵

6.51 (2.38)

 Pain interference⁴

65.32 (7.97)

 Physical Function³

35.04 (6.81)

 Sleep Disturbance⁴

54.23 (8.72)

 Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities³

40.98 (9.35)

Health States Utilities, M (95%CI) [Range]

 PROPr

0.20 (0.18; 0.22) [-0.017; 0.869]

 EQ-5D-3L

0.55 (0.51; 0.58) [-0.04; 1.00]

 Difference (EQ-5D-3L – PROPr)

0.35 (0.32; 0.38)[-0.237; 0.785]