Table 1 Factor structures of previous studies on different CMAI versions in different settings
Version | Authors | Location | Sample | Factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
CMAI | Cohen-Mansfield et al. (1989) [10] | United States of America (USA) | Nursing home residents, different levels of physical abilities and cognitive decline | 1. Aggressive behavior 2. Physically non-aggressive behavior 3. Verbally agitated behavior 4. [Only for day shift: Hiding/hoarding] |
de Jonghe & Kat (1996) [12] | Netherlands | Older patients in psychiatric hospital | 1. Physically aggressive behavior 2. Physically non-aggressive behavior 3. Verbally agitated behavior | |
Schreiner et al. (2000) [15] | Japan | Nursing home residents in general | 4 factors quite similar to the factor structure of Cohen-Mansfield et al (1989) [10], but not clearly labeled | |
Choy et al. (2001) [13] | Hong Kong | Inpatients and outpatients with dementia of two hospitals | 1. Physically aggressive behavior 2. Physically non-aggressive behavior 3. Verbally agitated behavior | |
Suh 2004 [16] | Korea | Nursing home residents with dementia | 1. Physically aggressive behavior 2. Physically non-aggressive behavior 3. Verbally agitated behavior 4. Hiding/hoarding | |
Rabinowitz et al. 2005 [14] | Australia, New Zealand, USA, Europe, Canada | Nursing home residents with dementia | 1. Aggressive behavior 2. Physically non-aggressive behavior 3. Verbally agitated behavior 4. Hiding/hoarding | |
CMAI-C | Cohen-Mansfield et al. (1995) [17] | United States of America (USA) | Community-dwelling people attending day care centers | 1. Verbally non-aggressive behavior 2. Verbally aggressive behavior 3. Physically non-aggressive behavior 4. Physically aggressive behavior |
Weiner et al. (2002) [18] | United States of America (USA) | Community-dwelling people with dementia | No robust factor structure found, i.e. could not replicate the factor structure of Cohen-Mansfield et al (1995) [17] | |
CMAI-SF | Paudel et al. (2021) [20] | United States of America (USA) | Nursing home residents in general | 1. Aggressive behavior 2. Physically non-aggressive behavior 3. Verbally agitated behavior |
Sun et al. (2022) [21] | Taiwan | People with dementia attending day care centers | 1. Aggressive behavior 2. Physically non-aggressive behavior 3. Verbally agitated behavior |