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Table 5 Known-groups validity of the EQ-5D-5L and 15D (Danish value sets)

From: A head-to-head comparison of the EQ-5D-5L and 15D descriptive systems and index values in a general population sample

 

n (%)

EQ-5D-5L

15D

REb

95% CIc

Mean (SD)

Median (Q1-Q3)

p valuea

Cohen’s d ES

Mean (SD)

Median (Q1-Q3)

p valuea

Cohen’s d ES

Healthy

383 (20.3)

0.94 (0.12)

1.0 (0.93–1.00)

–

–

0.95 (0.10)

0.99 (0.95–1.0)

–

–

–

–

Physical conditions

 Hypertension

527 (27.9)

0.79 (0.27)

0.88 (0.75–0.96)

< 0.001

0.696

0.88 (0.11)

0.91 (0.83–0.97)

< 0.001

0.650

1.071

0.884–1.365

 Musculoskeletal diseases

461 (24.4)

0.73 (0.29)

0.83 (0.67–0.91)

< 0.001

0.922

0.86 (0.11)

0.89 (0.80–0.95)

< 0.001

0.844

1.092

0.930–1.350

 Allergies

318 (16.9)

0.82 (0.24)

0.89 (0.76–1.0)

< 0.001

0.697

0.89 (0.11)

0.92 (0.84–0.97)

< 0.001

0.623

1.119

0.893–1.517

 Cardiovascular disease

259 (13.7)

0.70 (0.31)

0.81 (0.62–0.92)

< 0.001

1.134

0.83 (0.13)

0.85 (0.75–0.93)

< 0.001

1.082

1.048

0.893–1.260

 Gastrointestinal or hepatic disease

241 (12.8)

0.74 (0.30)

0.84 (0.65–0.93)

< 0.001

0.993

0.85 (0.13)

0.88 (0.79–0.95)

< 0.001

0.894

1.111

0.924–1.389

 Hyperlipidaemia

240 (12.7)

0.77 (0.28)

0.86 (0.72–0.95)

< 0.001

0.882

0.86 (0.12)

0.89 (0.80–0.96)

< 0.001

0.836

1.056

0.869–1.334

 Eye or visual diseases

231 (12.2)

0.73 (0.29)

0.83 (0.64–0.93)

< 0.001

1.079

0.83 (0.13)

0.84 (0.76–0.93)

< 0.001

1.111

0.971

0.813–1.170

 Diabetes

205 (10.9)

0.76 (0.31)

0.86 (0.72–0.96)

< 0.001

0.902

0.86 (0.13)

0.89 (0.80–0.97)

< 0.001

0.784

1.152

0.930–1.502

 Gastroesophageal reflux disease

186 (9.9)

0.74 (0.30)

0.84 (0.67–0.93)

< 0.001

1.045

0.86 (0.12)

0.89 (0.80–0.96)

< 0.001

0.834

1.251

1.012–1.619

 Respiratory diseases

175 (9.3)

0.79 (0.28)

0.88 (0.71–0.95)

< 0.001

0.861

0.85 (0.12)

0.88 (0.79–0.94)

< 0.001

0.905

0.952

0.763–1.227

 Arrhythmias

172 (9.1)

0.71 (0.28)

0.8 (0.64–0.91)

< 0.001

1.284

0.82 (0.13)

0.84 (0.75–0.92)

< 0.001

1.154

1.112

0.913–1.389

 Thyroid diseases

171 (9.1)

0.78 (0.27)

0.88 (0.72–0.95)

< 0.001

0.930

0.87 (0.12)

0.90 (0.84–0.96)

< 0.001

0.732

1.269

1.007–1.689

 Skin diseases

166 (8.8)

0.78 (0.30)

0.88 (0.76–0.95)

< 0.001

0.869

0.86 (0.12)

0.90 (0.80–0.96)

< 0.001

0.809

1.074

0.867–1.402

 Headache, migraine

139 (7.4)

0.71 (0.33)

0.81 (0.64–0.93)

< 0.001

1.175

0.84 (0.14)

0.88 (0.77–0.96)

< 0.001

0.987

1.190

0.961–1.499

 Hearing impairment

133 (7.1)

0.73 (0.31)

0.84 (0.66–0.93)

< 0.001

1.153

0.84 (0.13)

0.89 (0.77–0.94)

< 0.001

0.982

1.174

0.959–1.515

 Benign prostate hyperplasia

88 (4.7)

0.80 (0.26)

0.88 (0.77–0.95)

< 0.001

0.958

0.86 (0.11)

0.89 (0.81–0.95)

< 0.001

0.871

1.099

0.774–1.532

 Urinary incontinence

71 (3.8)

0.68 (0.35)

0.79 (0.57–0.92)

< 0.001

1.538

0.81 (0.15)

0.85 (0.72–0.91)

< 0.001

1.282

1.199

0.967–1.525

 Cancer, leukemia, lymphoma

46 (2.4)

0.73 (0.31)

0.85 (0.65–0.93)

< 0.001

1.416

0.83 (0.14)

0.87 (0.75–0.94)

< 0.001

1.098

1.290

0.951–1.828

 Chronic kidney disease

29 (1.5)

0.71 (0.27)

0.83 (0.64–0.93)

< 0.001

1.735

0.83 (0.13)

0.85 (0.77–0.92)

< 0.001

1.209

1.435

0.986–2.022

 Epilepsy

17 (0.9)

0.62 (0.39)

0.72 (0.54–0.93)

0.003

2.309

0.79 (0.16)

0.8 (0.70–0.92)

< 0.001

1.543

1.497

0.905–2.308

 Liver cirrhosis

14 (0.7)

0.63 (0.44)

0.77 (0.43–0.99)

0.019

2.259

0.78 (0.19)

0.79 (0.67–0.95)

0.005

1.645

1.373

0.968–1.849

 Other physical health conditions

92 (4.9)

0.76 (0.24)

0.84 (0.64–0.95)

< 0.001

1.236

0.86 (0.11)

0.89 (0.80–0.94)

< 0.001

0.854

1.448

1.075–2.008

Mental conditions

 Smoking addiction

381 (20.2)

0.80 (0.27)

0.88 (0.76–0.96)

< 0.001

0.688

0.88 (0.12)

0.92 (0.84–0.97)

< 0.001

0.628

1.096

0.896–1.442

 Anxiety, phobia, or panic disorder

172 (9.1)

0.64 (0.32)

0.72 (0.51–0.88)

< 0.001

1.506

0.79 (0.15)

0.82 (0.69–0.90)

< 0.001

1.401

1.075

0.910–1.308

 Sleeping disorders

169 (9.0)

0.65 (0.32)

0.76 (0.57–0.88)

< 0.001

1.459

0.81 (0.13)

0.84 (0.72–0.91)

< 0.001

1.253

1.164

0.969–1.440

 Other addictions d

98 (5.2)

0.70 (0.34)

0.81 (0.59–0.93)

< 0.001

1.342

0.82 (0.17)

0.86 (0.72–0.93)

< 0.001

1.155

1.162

0.938–1.474

 Depression or dysthymia

79 (4.2)

0.54 (0.35)

0.68 (0.35–0.80)

< 0.001

2.228

0.75 (0.14)

0.78 (0.66–0.84)

< 0.001

1.861

1.198

0.953–1.496

 Alcohol addiction

73 (3.9)

0.75 (0.29)

0.86 (0.67–0.93)

< 0.001

1.227

0.82 (0.16)

0.86 (0.74–0.93)

< 0.001

1.167

1.052

0.765–1.415

 Substance addiction

55 (2.9)

0.63 (0.36)

0.75 (0.55–0.90)

< 0.001

1.870

0.77 (0.19)

0.81 (0.65–0.92)

< 0.001

1.533

1.220

0.955–1.595

 Sexual disorder

40 (2.1)

0.71 (0.34)

0.82 (0.60–0.93)

< 0.001

1.545

0.79 (0.15)

0.82 (0.72–0.88)

< 0.001

1.524

1.014

0.729–1.349

 Bipolar depression

35 (1.9)

0.60 (0.32)

0.68 (0.36–0.85)

< 0.001

2.398

0.76 (0.16)

0.81 (0.64–0.87)

< 0.001

1.732

1.385

1.019–1.859

 Personality disorder

31 (1.6)

0.53 (0.35)

0.64 (0.35–0.78)

< 0.001

2.815

0.71 (0.16)

0.74 (0.63–0.82)

< 0.001

2.257

1.248

0.904–1.667

 Learning disability

28 (1.5)

0.71 (0.35)

0.86 (0.64–0.97)

0.002

1.590

0.80 (0.21)

0.87 (0.66–0.96)

0.001

1.377

1.155

0.678–1.707

 Eating disorder

26 (1.4)

0.64 (0.39)

0.78 (0.50–0.90)

< 0.001

2.060

0.78 (0.19)

0.86 (0.61–0.92)

< 0.001

1.572

1.310

0.934–1.810

 Obsessive compulsive disorder

21 (1.1)

0.49 (0.43)

0.72 (0.33–0.78)

< 0.001

3.027

0.67 (0.17)

0.70 (0.53–0.83)

< 0.001

2.614

1.158

0.711–1.712

 Dementia

18 (1.0)

0.44 (0.32)

0.47 (0.32–0.63)

< 0.001

3.810

0.68 (0.15)

0.66 (0.54–0.80)

< 0.001

2.601

1.465

1.035–2.085

 Psychotic disorders

17 (0.9)

0.61 (0.42)

0.76 (0.43–0.92)

0.005

2.314

0.67 (0.21)

0.65 (0.51–0.84)

< 0.001

2.551

0.907

0.443–1.437

 Post-traumatic stress disorder

14 (0.7)

0.49 (0.28)

0.51 (0.35–0.66)

< 0.001

3.569

0.64 (0.18)

0.66 (0.50–0.75)

< 0.001

2.955

1.208

0.787–1.751

 Impulse-control disorder

14 (0.7)

0.56 (0.41)

0.64 (0.34–0.93)

0.004

2.772

0.70 (0.17)

0.65 (0.61–0.83)

< 0.001

2.356

1.177

0.666–1.813

 Autism spectrum disorder

11 (0.6)

0.50 (0.36)

0.52 (0.38–0.79)

0.002

3.463

0.64 (0.22)

0.67 (0.46–0.80)

0.001

2.902

1.193

0.655–1.911

 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

10 (0.5)

0.54 (0.36)

0.66 (0.32–0.81)

0.007

3.157

0.63 (0.20)

0.62 (0.48–0.79)

0.001

3.018

1.046

0.563–1.570

  1. CI confidence intervals, ES effect size, RE relative efficiency
  2. aStudent’s t test compared to the healthy subgroup, where p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant
  3. bRelative efficiency compared to 15D
  4. c2000 bootstrap samples with accelerated bias correction
  5. dIncludes gambling or other addictions
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