| n (%) | EQ-5D-5L | 15D | REb | 95% CIc | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Median (Q1-Q3) | p valuea | Cohen’s d ES | Mean (SD) | Median (Q1-Q3) | p valuea | Cohen’s d ES | ||||
Healthy | 383 (20.3) | 0.94 (0.12) | 1.0 (0.93–1.00) | – | – | 0.95 (0.10) | 0.99 (0.95–1.0) | – | – | – | – |
Physical conditions | |||||||||||
 Hypertension | 527 (27.9) | 0.79 (0.27) | 0.88 (0.75–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.696 | 0.88 (0.11) | 0.91 (0.83–0.97) | < 0.001 | 0.650 | 1.071 | 0.884–1.365 |
 Musculoskeletal diseases | 461 (24.4) | 0.73 (0.29) | 0.83 (0.67–0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.922 | 0.86 (0.11) | 0.89 (0.80–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.844 | 1.092 | 0.930–1.350 |
 Allergies | 318 (16.9) | 0.82 (0.24) | 0.89 (0.76–1.0) | < 0.001 | 0.697 | 0.89 (0.11) | 0.92 (0.84–0.97) | < 0.001 | 0.623 | 1.119 | 0.893–1.517 |
 Cardiovascular disease | 259 (13.7) | 0.70 (0.31) | 0.81 (0.62–0.92) | < 0.001 | 1.134 | 0.83 (0.13) | 0.85 (0.75–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.082 | 1.048 | 0.893–1.260 |
 Gastrointestinal or hepatic disease | 241 (12.8) | 0.74 (0.30) | 0.84 (0.65–0.93) | < 0.001 | 0.993 | 0.85 (0.13) | 0.88 (0.79–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.894 | 1.111 | 0.924–1.389 |
 Hyperlipidaemia | 240 (12.7) | 0.77 (0.28) | 0.86 (0.72–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.882 | 0.86 (0.12) | 0.89 (0.80–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.836 | 1.056 | 0.869–1.334 |
 Eye or visual diseases | 231 (12.2) | 0.73 (0.29) | 0.83 (0.64–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.079 | 0.83 (0.13) | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.111 | 0.971 | 0.813–1.170 |
 Diabetes | 205 (10.9) | 0.76 (0.31) | 0.86 (0.72–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.902 | 0.86 (0.13) | 0.89 (0.80–0.97) | < 0.001 | 0.784 | 1.152 | 0.930–1.502 |
 Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 186 (9.9) | 0.74 (0.30) | 0.84 (0.67–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.045 | 0.86 (0.12) | 0.89 (0.80–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.834 | 1.251 | 1.012–1.619 |
 Respiratory diseases | 175 (9.3) | 0.79 (0.28) | 0.88 (0.71–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.861 | 0.85 (0.12) | 0.88 (0.79–0.94) | < 0.001 | 0.905 | 0.952 | 0.763–1.227 |
 Arrhythmias | 172 (9.1) | 0.71 (0.28) | 0.8 (0.64–0.91) | < 0.001 | 1.284 | 0.82 (0.13) | 0.84 (0.75–0.92) | < 0.001 | 1.154 | 1.112 | 0.913–1.389 |
 Thyroid diseases | 171 (9.1) | 0.78 (0.27) | 0.88 (0.72–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.930 | 0.87 (0.12) | 0.90 (0.84–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.732 | 1.269 | 1.007–1.689 |
 Skin diseases | 166 (8.8) | 0.78 (0.30) | 0.88 (0.76–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.869 | 0.86 (0.12) | 0.90 (0.80–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.809 | 1.074 | 0.867–1.402 |
 Headache, migraine | 139 (7.4) | 0.71 (0.33) | 0.81 (0.64–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.175 | 0.84 (0.14) | 0.88 (0.77–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.987 | 1.190 | 0.961–1.499 |
 Hearing impairment | 133 (7.1) | 0.73 (0.31) | 0.84 (0.66–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.153 | 0.84 (0.13) | 0.89 (0.77–0.94) | < 0.001 | 0.982 | 1.174 | 0.959–1.515 |
 Benign prostate hyperplasia | 88 (4.7) | 0.80 (0.26) | 0.88 (0.77–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.958 | 0.86 (0.11) | 0.89 (0.81–0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.871 | 1.099 | 0.774–1.532 |
 Urinary incontinence | 71 (3.8) | 0.68 (0.35) | 0.79 (0.57–0.92) | < 0.001 | 1.538 | 0.81 (0.15) | 0.85 (0.72–0.91) | < 0.001 | 1.282 | 1.199 | 0.967–1.525 |
 Cancer, leukemia, lymphoma | 46 (2.4) | 0.73 (0.31) | 0.85 (0.65–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.416 | 0.83 (0.14) | 0.87 (0.75–0.94) | < 0.001 | 1.098 | 1.290 | 0.951–1.828 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 29 (1.5) | 0.71 (0.27) | 0.83 (0.64–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.735 | 0.83 (0.13) | 0.85 (0.77–0.92) | < 0.001 | 1.209 | 1.435 | 0.986–2.022 |
 Epilepsy | 17 (0.9) | 0.62 (0.39) | 0.72 (0.54–0.93) | 0.003 | 2.309 | 0.79 (0.16) | 0.8 (0.70–0.92) | < 0.001 | 1.543 | 1.497 | 0.905–2.308 |
 Liver cirrhosis | 14 (0.7) | 0.63 (0.44) | 0.77 (0.43–0.99) | 0.019 | 2.259 | 0.78 (0.19) | 0.79 (0.67–0.95) | 0.005 | 1.645 | 1.373 | 0.968–1.849 |
 Other physical health conditions | 92 (4.9) | 0.76 (0.24) | 0.84 (0.64–0.95) | < 0.001 | 1.236 | 0.86 (0.11) | 0.89 (0.80–0.94) | < 0.001 | 0.854 | 1.448 | 1.075–2.008 |
Mental conditions | |||||||||||
 Smoking addiction | 381 (20.2) | 0.80 (0.27) | 0.88 (0.76–0.96) | < 0.001 | 0.688 | 0.88 (0.12) | 0.92 (0.84–0.97) | < 0.001 | 0.628 | 1.096 | 0.896–1.442 |
 Anxiety, phobia, or panic disorder | 172 (9.1) | 0.64 (0.32) | 0.72 (0.51–0.88) | < 0.001 | 1.506 | 0.79 (0.15) | 0.82 (0.69–0.90) | < 0.001 | 1.401 | 1.075 | 0.910–1.308 |
 Sleeping disorders | 169 (9.0) | 0.65 (0.32) | 0.76 (0.57–0.88) | < 0.001 | 1.459 | 0.81 (0.13) | 0.84 (0.72–0.91) | < 0.001 | 1.253 | 1.164 | 0.969–1.440 |
 Other addictions d | 98 (5.2) | 0.70 (0.34) | 0.81 (0.59–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.342 | 0.82 (0.17) | 0.86 (0.72–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.155 | 1.162 | 0.938–1.474 |
 Depression or dysthymia | 79 (4.2) | 0.54 (0.35) | 0.68 (0.35–0.80) | < 0.001 | 2.228 | 0.75 (0.14) | 0.78 (0.66–0.84) | < 0.001 | 1.861 | 1.198 | 0.953–1.496 |
 Alcohol addiction | 73 (3.9) | 0.75 (0.29) | 0.86 (0.67–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.227 | 0.82 (0.16) | 0.86 (0.74–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.167 | 1.052 | 0.765–1.415 |
 Substance addiction | 55 (2.9) | 0.63 (0.36) | 0.75 (0.55–0.90) | < 0.001 | 1.870 | 0.77 (0.19) | 0.81 (0.65–0.92) | < 0.001 | 1.533 | 1.220 | 0.955–1.595 |
 Sexual disorder | 40 (2.1) | 0.71 (0.34) | 0.82 (0.60–0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.545 | 0.79 (0.15) | 0.82 (0.72–0.88) | < 0.001 | 1.524 | 1.014 | 0.729–1.349 |
 Bipolar depression | 35 (1.9) | 0.60 (0.32) | 0.68 (0.36–0.85) | < 0.001 | 2.398 | 0.76 (0.16) | 0.81 (0.64–0.87) | < 0.001 | 1.732 | 1.385 | 1.019–1.859 |
 Personality disorder | 31 (1.6) | 0.53 (0.35) | 0.64 (0.35–0.78) | < 0.001 | 2.815 | 0.71 (0.16) | 0.74 (0.63–0.82) | < 0.001 | 2.257 | 1.248 | 0.904–1.667 |
 Learning disability | 28 (1.5) | 0.71 (0.35) | 0.86 (0.64–0.97) | 0.002 | 1.590 | 0.80 (0.21) | 0.87 (0.66–0.96) | 0.001 | 1.377 | 1.155 | 0.678–1.707 |
 Eating disorder | 26 (1.4) | 0.64 (0.39) | 0.78 (0.50–0.90) | < 0.001 | 2.060 | 0.78 (0.19) | 0.86 (0.61–0.92) | < 0.001 | 1.572 | 1.310 | 0.934–1.810 |
 Obsessive compulsive disorder | 21 (1.1) | 0.49 (0.43) | 0.72 (0.33–0.78) | < 0.001 | 3.027 | 0.67 (0.17) | 0.70 (0.53–0.83) | < 0.001 | 2.614 | 1.158 | 0.711–1.712 |
 Dementia | 18 (1.0) | 0.44 (0.32) | 0.47 (0.32–0.63) | < 0.001 | 3.810 | 0.68 (0.15) | 0.66 (0.54–0.80) | < 0.001 | 2.601 | 1.465 | 1.035–2.085 |
 Psychotic disorders | 17 (0.9) | 0.61 (0.42) | 0.76 (0.43–0.92) | 0.005 | 2.314 | 0.67 (0.21) | 0.65 (0.51–0.84) | < 0.001 | 2.551 | 0.907 | 0.443–1.437 |
 Post-traumatic stress disorder | 14 (0.7) | 0.49 (0.28) | 0.51 (0.35–0.66) | < 0.001 | 3.569 | 0.64 (0.18) | 0.66 (0.50–0.75) | < 0.001 | 2.955 | 1.208 | 0.787–1.751 |
 Impulse-control disorder | 14 (0.7) | 0.56 (0.41) | 0.64 (0.34–0.93) | 0.004 | 2.772 | 0.70 (0.17) | 0.65 (0.61–0.83) | < 0.001 | 2.356 | 1.177 | 0.666–1.813 |
 Autism spectrum disorder | 11 (0.6) | 0.50 (0.36) | 0.52 (0.38–0.79) | 0.002 | 3.463 | 0.64 (0.22) | 0.67 (0.46–0.80) | 0.001 | 2.902 | 1.193 | 0.655–1.911 |
 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | 10 (0.5) | 0.54 (0.36) | 0.66 (0.32–0.81) | 0.007 | 3.157 | 0.63 (0.20) | 0.62 (0.48–0.79) | 0.001 | 3.018 | 1.046 | 0.563–1.570 |