Table 3 Descriptive characteristics of HRQOL, self-efficacy, self-esteem, loneliness and stress (N = 309) and differences between women (N = 252) and men (N = 57)
All T1 (2019) N = 309 | All T2 (2021) | p-value | Mothers T1 (2019) N = 252 | T2 (2021) | Fathers T1 (2019) N = 57 | T2 (2021) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HRQOL | |||||||||
RAND-36 PCSa | 52 (9) | 52 (8) | 0.793 | 51.4 (9.1) | 51.6 (9.1) | 0.690 | 54.8 (5.3) | 54.6 (5.0) | 0.592 |
RAND-36 MCSa | 52.2 (8.2) | 50.9 (9.7) | 0.008* | 51.8 (8.5) | 50.3 (10.2) | 0.012* | 54.2 (6.5) | 53.9 (6.6) | 0.408 |
RAND-36 eight domains | |||||||||
Bodily pain | 79 (22) | 78 (23) | 0.435 | 77.1 (23.4) | 76.6 (24.3) | 0.686 | 87.4 (14.9) | 85.0 (14.8) | 0.221 |
General health | 77 (20) | 76 (20) | 0.102 | 75.8 (20.9) | 74.9 (20.7) | 0.265 | 83.3 (12.8) | 80.9 (14.2) | 0.171 |
Physical function | 94 (13) | 93 (14) | 0.149 | 92.4 (13.5) | 92.5 (13.7) | 0.131 | 97.2 (6.1) | 97.3 (5.5) | 0.332 |
Physical role function | 85 (32) | 84 (31) | 0.652 | 83.1 (33.7) | 81.5 (33.4) | 0.502 | 92.5 (22.1) | 94.7 (18.7) | 0.849 |
Mental health | 81 (12) | 80 (14) | 0.025* | 80.4 (12.6) | 79.0 (14.8) | 0.093 | 84.7 (9.5) | 82.0 (9.7) | 0.245 |
Vitality | 64 (21) | 63 (20) | 0.455 | 62.0 (20.7) | 61.6 (21.3) | 0.718 | 71.2 (14.9) | 69.1 (15.2) | 0.242 |
Social function | 87 (19) | 87 (20) | 85.6 (20.7) | 85.2 (21.4) | 0.716 | 94.7 (9.3) | 93.4 (11.6) | 0.272 | |
Emotional role function | 89 (27) | 83 (34) | 0.001* | 89.0 (27.2) | 80.0 (36.2) | < 0.001* | 91.2 (25.6) | 94.2 (20.0) | 0.403 |
Psychological factors | |||||||||
General self-efficacy b | 3.3 (0.4) | 3.29 (0.6) | 0.219 | 3.3 (0.4) | 3.3 (0.4) | 0.153 | 3.4 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.4) | 0.869 |
Loneliness c | 12.8 (4.2) | 13.7 (4.3) | < 0.001* | 12.9 (4.4) | 17.7 (4.3) | < 0.001* | 12.5 (4.2) | 13.7 (4.2) | < 0.001* |
Stress d | 0.28 (0.16) | 0.28 (0.16) | 0.613 | 0.29 (0.16) | 0.28 (0.16) | 0.602 | 0.24 (0.14) | 0.24 (0.49) | 0.962 |
Self-esteem e | 3.35 (0.58) | 3.32 (0.57) | 0.180 | 3.3 (0.5) | 3.5 (0.6) | 0.224 | 3.5 (0.5) | 3.46 (0.49) | 0.578 |