Table 6 Relationships between socio-demographic variables and the five dimensions of the D-39

Gender

Female, mean (SD)

42.6 (17.9)

55.2 (23.0)

41.8 (23.3)

39.6 (34.1)

46.2 (18.4)

3.9 (1.3)

4.2 (1.4)

Male, mean (SD)

37.6 (17.3)

49.2 (25.0)

39.2 (23.0)

62.5 (35.0)

39.7 (18.4)

3.9 (1.3)

3.7 (1.4)

Mann–Whitney U test

z = 2.267,

p = 0.023

z = 2.133,

p = 0.033

z = 1.136,

p = 0.257

z =  − 5.367,

p < 0.001

z = 3.113,

p = 0.002

z =  − 0.279,

p = 0.781

z = 2.355,

p = 0.018

ES

r = 0.129

r = 0.121

r = 0.065

r =  − 0.305

r = 0.177

r =  − 0.016

r = 0.134

Age, Spearman’s correlation

rs =  − 0.026, p = 0.646

rs =  − 0.091, p = 0.110

rs =  − 0.065, p = 0.258

rs = 0.107, p = 0.061

rs = 0.201, p < 0.001

rs = 0.050, p = 0.379

rs = 0.003, p = 0.953

Years of completed education, Spearman’s correlation

rs =  − 0.073, p = 0.205

rs =  − 0.212, p < 0.001

rs =  − 0.184, p = 0.001

rs =  − 0.051, p = 0.376

rs =  − 0.177, p = 0.002

rs = 0.009, p = 0.869

rs =  − 0.091, p = 0.111

Highest degree obtained

No formal education or primary school, mean (SD)

40.5 (18.3)

55.6 (23.6)

42.4 (23.7)

47.8 (35.7)

45.6 (18.4)

3.9 (1.3)

3.9 (1.4)

Secondary school, university or vocational school, mean (SD)

41.8 (17.7)

48.0 (23.9)

37.7 (22.4)

47.3 (38.6)

40.8 (18.3)

4.0 (1.3)

3.9 (1.4)

Mann–Whitney U test

z =  − 0.642,

p = 0.522

z = 2.545,

p = 0.011

z = 1.621,

p = 0.105

z = 0.113,

p = 0.910

z = 2.158,

p = 0.031

z =  − 0.968,

p = 0.333

z = 0.694,

p = 0.488

ES

r =  − 0.037

r = 0.146

r = 0.093

r = 0.006

r = 0.124

r =  − 0.055

r = 0.040

Abilities, Spearman’s correlation

Writing

rs =  − 0.151, p = 0.008

rs =  − 0.201, p < 0.001

rs =  − 0.153, p = 0.007

rs =  − 0.033, p = 0.565

rs =  − 0.259, p < 0.001

rs = 0.106, p = 0.063

rs =  − 0.163, p = 0.004

Read and understand

rs =  − 0.152, p = 0.008

rs =  − 0.163, p = 0.004

rs =  − 0.184, p = 0.001

rs =  − 0.049, p = 0.393

rs =  − 0.238, p < 0.001

rs = 0.095, p = 0.095

rs =  − 0.205, p < 0.001

Converse with other people and understand

rs =  − 0.157, p = 0.006

rs =  − 0.102, p = 0.074

rs =  − 0.078, p = 0.178

rs =  − 0.099, p = 0.082

rs =  − 0.107, p = 0.061

rs = 0.110, p = 0.054

rs =  − 0.134, p = 0.019

Hear clearly

rs =  − 0.108, p = 0.059

rs =  − 0.027, p = 0.638

rs =  − 0.042, p = 0.460

rs =  − 0.043, p = 0.444

rs =  − 0.126, p = 0.027

rs =  − 0.047, p = 0.412

rs =  − 0.088, p = 0.123

See things clearly

rs =  − 0.184, p = 0.001

rs =  − 0.048, p = 0.400

rs =  − 0.066, p = 0.247

rs =  − 0.044, p = 0.441

rs =  − 0.183, p = 0.001

rs = 0.021, p = 0.710

rs =  − 0.110, p = 0.054

Do normal daily activities

rs =  − 0.168, p = 0.003

rs =  − 0.124, p = 0.029

rs =  − 0.164, p = 0.004

rs =  − 0.090, p = 0.114

rs =  − 0.289, p < 0.001

rs = 0.120, p = 0.036

rs =  − 0.170, p = 0.003

Move about the community by himself/herself

rs =  − 0.034, p = 0.560

rs = 0.009, p = 0.877

rs =  − 0.015, p = 0.788

rs = 0.044, p = 0.441

rs =  − 0.131, p = 0.022

rs = 0.043, p = 0.458

rs =  − 0.005, p = 0.931

Self-rated overall health, Spearman’s correlation

rs =  − 0.190, p = 0.001

rs =  − 0.294, p < 0.001

rs =  − 0.211, p < 0.001

rs =  − 0.028, p = 0.618

rs =  − 0.169, p = 0.003

rs = 0.172, p = 0.002

rs =  − 0.176, p = 0.002

Very good or good, mean (SD)

37.2 (16.9)

44.5 (24.8)

35.8(23.0)

44.8 (36.2)

40.1 (17.3)

4.2 (1.2)

3.6 (1.4)

Moderate, poor, very poor, mean (SD)

42.7 (18.3)

57.7 (22.3)

43.5 (23.0)

49.2 (36.9)

45.9 (18.8)

3.8 (1.3)

4.11 (1.4)

Mann–Whitney U test

z = 2.522,

p = 0.012

z = 4.499,

p < 0.000

z = 2.774,

p = 0.005

z = 0.961,

p = 0.337

z = 2.551,

p = 0.011

z =  − 3.053,

p = 0.002

z = 2.949,

p = 0.003

ES

r = 0.144

r = 0.257

r = 0.158

r = 0.055

r = 0.146

r =  − 0.174

r = 0.168

Types of diabetes

Type I, mean (SD)

41.2 (17.1)

59.7 (20.6)

41.9 (21.3)

37.3 (38.7)

35.6 (15.1)

3.7 (1.3)

3.8 (1.4)

Type II, mean (SD)

40.5 (18.2)

52.8 (24.4)

40.5 (23.5)

48.4 (36.5)

44.3 (18.5)

3.9 (1.3)

3.9 (1.4)

Mann–Whitney U test

z = 0.103,

p = 0.919

z = 1.321,

p = 0.188

z = 0.198,

p = 0.844

z =  − 1.356,

p = 0.176

z =  − 2.258,

p = 0.023

z =  − 0.744,

p = 0.460

z =  − 0.486,

p = 0.629

ES

r = 0.006

r = 0.077

r = 0.012

r =  − 0.079

r =  − 0.132

r =  − 0.044

r =  − 0.028

Years since diagnosis, Spearman’s correlation

rs = 0.033, p = 0.569

rs = 0.061, p = 0.285

rs = 0.069, p = 0.232

rs = 0.035, p = 0.546

rs = 0.071, p = 0.215

rs = 0.028, p = 0.627

rs = 0.183, p = 0.001