Table 3 Characteristics of the identified instruments*
Instrument full name (Short name) | Period for measurement | Evaluated in following studies: | Language evaluated in | Number of items (domains) | Scored by | Domains/subscales | Interpretation of scores |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[reference to instrument developer**] Version | Author, publication year | ||||||
Generic instruments (n = 12) | |||||||
Short Form 36-item Health Survey (SF-36) [82,83,84,85] All versions | Pregnancy | Alzboon and Vural, 2019[57], Jomeen and Martin, 2005[41], Kugahara and Ohashi, 2006 [58], | Arabic English (UK) Japanese Chinese Iranian | 36 (8/2) | Domain scores Component summary scores | Physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health Two component summaries: physical component summary (PCS-36) and mental component summary (MCS-36) | Higher score indicates better health |
Postpartum | Jansen et al., 2007[40], Lau Wong and Chan, 2008 [59],Leroy and Lopes, 2012 [60], Parsa et al., 2019 [62], Trivino-Juarez et al., 2017 [64] | Dutch Chinese Portuguese Iranian Spanish | |||||
RAND 36-item Health Survey (RAND-36) [86] Version 1.0 | Pregnancy | Dalmida et al., 2010 [87] | Spanish | 36 (8/2) | Domain scores Component summary scores | Physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health Two component summaries: physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) | Higher score indicates better health |
Short Form 12-item Health Survey (SF-12) [88, 89] All versions. Abbreviated version of SF-36 | Pregnancy | Bai et al., 2016 [66], Hirose et al., 2020 [69], Lau, 2013 [70], Ngai and Ngu, 2013 [71], Tsai et al., 2016 [73] | Dutch Japanese Chinese Chinese Chinese | 12 (8/2) | Component summary scores | Physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health Two component summaries: physical component summary (PCS-12) and mental component summary (MCS-12) | Higher score indicates better health |
Postpartum | Ayers et al., 2018 [65], Desouky Mora and Howell, 2013 [67], Noor and Aziz, 2014 [72] | English (UK) English (USA) Malay | |||||
Pregnancy + postpartum | Emmanuel and Sun, 2014 [68] | English (Australia) | |||||
Short Form 8-item Health Survey (SF-8) [90] Abbreviated version of SF-36 | Pregnancy | Nakamura et al., 2018 [91] | Japanese | 8 (8/2) | Component summary scores | Physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health Two component summaries: physical component summary (PCS-8) and mental component summary (MCS-8) | Higher score indicates better health |
World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire Brief version (WHOQOL-BREF) [4, 92] Short version of WHOQOL-100 | Pregnancy | Brandão et al., 2020 [37], Daglar, Bilgic, & Ozkan, 2020 [74], Khwepeya et al., 2020 [75], Vachkova et al., 2013 [45] | Portuguese Turkish Chichewa Czech | 26 (4) | Domain scores | Physical health (7), Psychological (6), Social relationships (3), Environment (8). Two items on overall QoL and general health | Higher score indicates higher QoL |
Postpartum | Fonseca Nazare and Canavarro, 2012 [38], Khwepeya Monsen and Kuo, 2020 [76], Webster et al., 2010 [55] | Portuguese Chichewa English (Australia) | |||||
Pregnancy + postpartum | Taiwan Farsi (Iranian) | ||||||
EUROHIS-QoL-8 Abbreviated version of WHOQOL-BREF | Pregnancy + postpartum | Guedes and Canavarro, 2015 [39] | Portuguese | 8 (1) | Total score | Overall score of QoL All items represent the four domains of WHOQOL-BREF (physical health, psychological, social relationships, environment) | Higher score indicates higher QoL |
Quality of life Scale (QOLS) | Postpartum | Akyn et al., 2009 [81] | Turkish | 16 (3) | Total score | Relationships and material well-being (5), health and functioning (5), personal, social and community commitment (6) | Higher score indicates higher QoL |
Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) | Postpartum | Baghirzada Downey and Macarthur, 2013 [51] | English (Canada) | 38 + 7 (6) | Domain scores | Part one: Physical mobility (8), social isolation (five), emotional reactions (9), pain (8), sleep (5), energy (3) Part two: seven statements about areas of life | Low score indicates higher QoL |
EQ-5D-3L + EQ VAS | Postpartum | Dutch Bengali | 5 + 1 (5) | Index score and value sets | Mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression Three severity levels (none, some, extreme/unable to) Sixth item is global evaluation of own health on a visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) | 1 (best state) to -0.594 (worst state) EQ VAS: 0 (worst state) to 100 (best state) | |
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System – 43 (PROMIS-43) Profile version 2.0 | Pregnancy | MoghaddamHosseini et al., 2020 [104] | Hungarian | 43 (7) | Domain scores | Physical function, Anxiety, Depression, Fatigue, Sleep disturbance, Ability to participate in social roles and activities, Pain interference. (Six items per domain) One item on pain intensity | Higher score represents more of the concept being measured Pain intensity: 0–10 |
Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global Short Form (PROMIS-GSF) | Pregnancy | Lundsberg et al., 2018 [53] | English (USA) | 10 (2) | Factor scores | Global Physical health (GPH) (4), Global Mental Health (GMH) (4), and two single items on general health and social role | Higher score represents more of the concept being measured |
Pregnancy + postpartum | Slavin et al., 2019 [54] | English (Australia) | |||||
Pregnancy + postpartum (9-item version) | Slavin et al., 2019 [54] | English (Australia) | 9 (2) | Factor scores | Physical Health—Pregnancy Postpartum (PH-PP) (5) and Mental Health—Pregnancy Postpartum (MH-PP) (4) | Higher score indicates better physical/ mental health | |
Duke Health Profile (DUKE) | Pregnancy | Wang Liou and Cheng, 2013 [109], | Chinese | 17 (5) | Domain scores | Physical, mental, social, general and perceived health | Higher score indicates better health |
Specific instruments (n = 7) | |||||||
Maternal Quality of Life Index (M-QLI) Maternal version, partly self-developed as a revised version of the Quality of Life Index | Pregnancy + postpartum | Adams, 2016 [110] | English (USA) | 38 + 38 (4) | Health and functioning, psychological and spiritual, social and economic, and family Addition in this maternal version: 4 items on challenges related to motherhood Two parts with identical items. Part one: satisfaction with each item. Part two: level of importance with each item | NA | |
Mother Generated Index (MGI) Antenatal and postnatal version | Pregnancy | English (Scotland) | NA | Index scores | Three-step questionnaire Step 1: specifying up to eight areas of life affected by the pregnancy/having had a baby, and identifies these as positive, negative or neither. Step 2: to give a score from 0 to 10 for each area in step one, based on how the areas have affected the mother over the previous month. Step 3: allocating 20 “spending points” to the areas most important to the responder | NA | |
Postpartum | Gomes Ribeiro et al. 2015 [56], , Khabiri et al. 2013, Symon MacDonald and Ruta 2002 [42], Symon and Dobb 2011 [44] | Brazilian-Portuguese Iranian English (Scotland) English (Scotland) | |||||
Quality of Life Gravidarum (QOL-GRAV) [45] | Pregnancy | Effati-Daryani et al. 2017 [79], Mirghafourvand et al. 2016 [47], Vachkova et al. 2013 [45] | Persian Persian Czech | 9 (1) | Overall score | One domain on pregnancy QoL A two-factor structure have been tested by Mirghafourvand et al., 2016 | Lower score indicates higher QoL |
Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life Questionnaire (MAPP-QOL) [52] | Postpartum | English (USA) Turkish | 40 (5) | Total score Domain scores | Psychological/baby (9), socioeconomic (9), relational/spouse-partner (5), relational/family-friends (9), health and functioning (8) Two parts. Part one: satisfaction with each item. Part two: level of importance with each item | Highest scores for combinations of high satisfaction/ high importance responses | |
Rural Postpartum Quality of Life (RPQOL) (self-developed, not validated) | Postpartum | Huang et al. 2012 [112] | Chinese | 20 (6) | Total score Domain scores | Physical complaints and pain (1), sleep and energy (2), sex satisfaction (3), interpersonal communication (4), self-evaluated living stress (5) and perceived life satisfaction (6) | Lower score indicates higher QoL |
Postpartum Quality of Life (PQOL) [50] | Postpartum | Zhou et al. 2009 [50], Nikan et al. 2016 [49], Nikan et al. 2018 [48] | Chinese Iranian Iranian | 40 (4) | Total score Domain scores | Child care (8), Physical function (12), Psychological function (8), Social support (12) | 0 indicates poorest QoL and 100 indicates best QoL |
Short Form Postpartum Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF-PQOL) Short version of PQOL | Postpartum | Nikan et al., 2018 [48] | Iranian | 13 (4) | Total score Domain score | Child care (4), Physical functioning (4), Psychological functioning (3), Social support (2) | 0 indicates poorest QoL and 100 indicates best QoL |