Psychometric assessment of scales for measuring loneliness and social isolation: an analysis of the household, income and labour dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey

Table 2 Item loadings and fit statistics from ESEM and MIRT models with three factors

	Wave 17			Wave 19
	ESEM			ESEM			MIRT
Item	F1 (λ)	F2 (λ)	F3 (λ)	F1 (λ)	F2 (λ)	F3 (λ)	a1	a2	a3	d1	d2	d3	d4	d5	d6	d7
People don’t come to visit me as often as I would like	1.15	− 0.06	0.04	1.16	− 0.07	0.02	1.28	0.00	0.00	11.63	3.86	2.5	1.26	0.08	− 0.76	− 2.15
I often need help from other people but can’t get it	0.86	0.14	0.32	0.89	0.13	0.30	1.64	0.00	0.00	13.19	5.43	4.39	3.39	2.35	1.41	− 0.51
I don’t have anyone that I can confide in	0.38	0.17	1.01	0.17	0.06	1.30	0.00	2.24	0.00	19.64	7.83	6.11	4.95	3.64	2.38	− 0.22
I have no one to lean on in times of trouble	0.03	0.01	1.61	0.08	0.03	1.38	0.00	3.75	0.00	31.35	12.3	10.19	8.45	6.45	4.47	0.33
There is someone who can always cheer me up when I’m down	0.36	0.77	0.18	0.29	0.82	0.24	0.00	0.00	1.40	12.29	4.57	3.61	2.78	1.79	0.73	− 1.24
I often feel very lonely	0.98	0.19	0.29	0.85	0.19	0.43	1.40	0.00	0.00	12.41	4.64	3.4	2.48	1.48	0.75	− 0.84
I enjoy the time I spend with the people who are important to me	− 0.01	0.76	0.07	0.01	0.78	0.01	0.00	0.00	1.52	13.18	6.56	5.96	5.26	4.16	2.84	0.37
When something’s on my mind, just talking with the people I know can make me feel better	− 0.02	1.15	0.04	− 0.01	1.15	0.07	0.00	0.00	1.98	15.18	7.08	5.68	4.58	2.93	1.31	− 1.33
When I need someone to help me out, I can usually find someone	0.46	0.92	0.19	0.46	0.90	0.22	0.00	0.00	2.65	18.37	7.36	5.99	4.77	3.15	1.45	− 1.53
Chi-square	234.63			243.63			–
CFI	0.992			0.992
TLI	0.977			0.975
RMSEA (90% CIs)	0.049 (0.043, 0.054)			0.051 (0.045, 0.056)			–
SRMR	0.013			0.012

F1–F3, factors 1 to 3; λ, standardized factor loading; a, slope; d, intercept; CFI, Comparative Fit Index; RMSEA, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; SRMR, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual; TLI, Tucker Lewis index

ISSN: 1477-7525