Table 4 Multivariable linear regression analysis of correlates of HRQoL among caregivers

Adolescent's age

 − 1.6** (− 3.0; − 0.3)

Adolescent's sex

Female

Ref

Male

 − 2.9** (− 5.5; − 0.3)

Adolescent's head circumference

0.9* (− 0.1; 1.7)

Adolescent's orphan status

Not one

Ref

Partial orphan

1.0 (− 2.4; 4.4)

Full orphan

5.97* (− 0.01; 12.0)

Adolescent's HIV exposure

Unexposed uninfected

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Exposed-uninfected

 − 3.7** (− 7.3; − 0.2)

 − 5.0* (− 10.8; 0.8)

0.4 (− 9.1; 9.9)

 − 8.9* (− 18.6; 0.8)

 − 1.5 (− 6.3; 3.3)

 − 3.3* (− 7.8; 1.23)

3.3 (− 2.3; 9.0)

 − 0.1 (− 7.8; 7.7)

 − 5.8** (− 10.6; − 1.0)

Living with HIV

 − 4.8*** (− 8.0; − 1.5)

 − 3.1 (− 8.9; 2.7)

 − 6.8* (− 15.4; 1.8)

 − 11.5** (− 20.3; − 2.7)

 − 4.8** (− 9.6; − 0.1)

0.2 (− 3.9; 4.3)

1.6 (− 3.5; 6.8)

 − 2.0 (− 9.7; 5.6)

 − 6.6*** (− 11.3; − 1.9)

Caregiver's HIV status

Seronegative

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Seropositive

 − 0.04 (− 2.9; 2.8)

0.6 (− 4.7; 5.9)

 − 1.8 (− 9.4; 5.9)

 − 1.5* (− 9.3; 6.3)

 − 3.0* (− 1.4; 7.3)

0.1 (− 3.6; 3.7)

 − 0.6 (− 5.1; − 4.0)

 − 3.9 (− 10.8; 3.0)

 − 2.0 (− 5.9; 2.0)

Adolescent's relationship with caregiver

Biological mother

Ref

Ref

Ref

Biological father

3.1 (− 2.8; 9.1)

0.8 (− 3.8; 5.3)

 − 1.2 (− 8.3; 5.9)

Grandparent

 − 15.6*** (− 24.1; − 7.6)

3.0 (− 3.2; 9.1)

 − 12.1** (− 21.9; − 2.4)

Other relative

 − 1.8 (− 8.2; 4.6)

6.0** (0.7; 11.3)

 − 2.4 (− 10.7; 5.9)

Sibling

5.2 (− 6.6; 17.0)

10.7** (1.1; 20.3)

 − 1.6 (− 16.4; 1.)

Caregiver's religion

Christianity

Ref

Ref

Islam

5.4* (− 11.5; 0.6)

 − 3.14* (− 7.24; 0.95)

Traditional

4.3 (− 2.2; 10.7)

4.4* (0.01; 8.9)

Caregiver's educational level

No formal education

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Primary

 − 1.2 (− 4.9; 2.5)

 − 1.4 (− 8.3; 5.4)

 − 0.4 (− 3.7; 2.8)

 − 1.4 (− 5.3; 2.6)

 − 2.8 (− 5.9; 0.4)

Secondary

 − 7.3** (− 13.4; − 1.2)

 − 9.9* (− 21.2; 1.5)

3.8* (− 1.7; 9.2)

3.9 (− 2.6;10.4)

 − 1.9 (− 7.2; 3.3)

Tertiary

 − 3.6 (− 14.5; 7.3)

13.0* (− 5.6; 31.5)

5.0 (− 4.8; 14.7)

4.5 (− 6.1; 15.1)

5.8* (− 2.2; 13.7)

Caregiver's BMI

0.6* (0.1; 1.2)

Caregiver’s depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 scores)

 − 2.0*** (− 2.3; − 1.7)

 − 1.2*** (− 1.6; − 0.7)

 − 3.8*** (− 4.6; − 4.0)

 − 4.0*** (− 4.9; − 3.2)

 − 1.5*** (− 1.8; − 1.1)

 − 2.4*** (− 2.8; − 2.0)

 − 1.8*** (− 2.3; − 1.3)

 − 2.4*** (− 2.9; − 1.8)

 − 1.3*** (− 1.7; − 1.0)

Caregiver’s socioeconomic score

0.5 (− 0.2; 1.3)

 − 0.2 (− 1.3; 1.0)

0.5 (− 1.5; 2.5)

2.3** (0.1; 4.4)

0.5 (− 0.5; 1.4)

0.9* (− 0.1; 2.0)

 − 0.1 (− 1.4; 1.1)

Caregiver's parenting stress (PSS scores)

 − 0.3*** (− 0.4; − 0.1)

Caregiver’s age (years)

 − 0.2*** (− 0.3; − 0.1)

 − 0.2*** (− 0.4; − 0.04)

 − 0.3** (− 0.6; − 0.04)

 − 0.2** (− 0.3;0.0)

Caregiver's occupation

Subsistence farmer

Ref

Ref

Small scale trader

0.2 (− 2.2; 2.6)

 − 2.4* (− 5.6; 0.8)

2.4 (− 2.1; 6.9)

Casual labourer

1.8 (− 1.7; 5.3)

3.8* (− 0.7; 8.3)

6.8** (0.2; 13.3)

Professional

8.6*** (2.5; 14.7)

2.9 (− 6.0; 11.7)

6.2 (− 6.8; 19.2)

n of the final model

483

477

480

485

461

485

483

477

484

R-squared for the final model

36.3%

19.6%

21.1%

21.9%

24.4%

29.7%

13.3%

19.4%

17.4%