Stress, pain, and work affiliation are strongly associated with health-related quality of life in parents of 14–15-year-old adolescents

Rohde, Gudrun; Helseth, Sølvi; Mikkelsen, Hilde Timenes; Skarstein, Siv; Småstuen, Milada Cvancarova; Haraldstad, Kristin

doi:10.1186/s12955-021-01913-7

Table 5 Adjusted associations between gender, demographic variables, psychosocial variables, pain and HRQOL examined by hierarchical regression analyses^ab, N = 561

From: Stress, pain, and work affiliation are strongly associated with health-related quality of life in parents of 14–15-year-old adolescents

	SF-36 PCS						SF-36 MCS
	M1	M2	M3	M4	M5	M6	M1	M2	M3	M4	M5	M6
Gender (Ref = father)	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.03	0.00	0.00	− 0.07	− 0.04	− 0.04	− 0.04	− 0.05	− 0.04
Age	− 0.07	− 0.06	− 0.06	− 0.06	− 0.05	− 0.06	0.03	0.04	0.03	0.02	0.06	0.00
County (ref = Oslo/Viken)	− .05	− 0.05	− 0.05	− 0.07	− 0.07	− 0.08*	0.03	0.06	0.04	0.04	0.05	0.01
Living conditions (ref = Married/cohabitat)
Single/divorced, widow/widower	0.08	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	− 0.08	− 0.11*	− 0.08	− 0.07	− 0.04	− 0.03
Education (ref = university 4 years or more)
Less than 13 years of education	− 0.06	− 0.05	− 0.05	− 0.06	− 0.06	− 0.08	0.08	0.11*	0.11*	0.10*	0.08	− 0.01
University less than 4 years	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.03	0.05	0.06	0.08*	0.08*	0.07*	0.03
Employment status (ref = Not paid work)
Part time	0.50*	0.46*	0.46*	0.41*	0.41*	0.40*	0.14*	0.10	0.13*	0.06	0.08	0.04
Full time	0.60*	0.58*	0.58*	0.52*	0.52*	0.52*	0.26*	0.19*	0.07	0.19	0.14*	0.10
Absence from work (Ref = 0 days)^c
1–4 days	− 0.12*	− 0.12*	− 0.12*	− 0.11*	− 0.11*	− 0.10*	− 0.06	− 0.05	− 0.03	− 0.03	− 0.01	0.00
5–7 days	− 0.10	− 0.01	− 0.01	− 0.01	− 0.01	− 0.01	− 0.05	− 0.05	− 0.04	− 0.05	− 0.06	− 0.03
8–10 days	− 0.60	− 0.06	− 0.06	− 0.05	− 0.05	− 0.05	− 0.08*	− 0.08*	− 0.07	− 0.07	− 0.06	− 0.04
More than 10 days	− 0.28*	− 0.27*	− 0.28*	− 0.25*	− 0.25*	− 0.24*	− 0.25*	− 0.24*	− 0.20*	− 0.20*	− 0.20*	− 0.13*
Household income (NOKkr)(ref < 250.000)
250.000–450.000	− 0.11	− 0.10	− 0.10	− 0.10	− 0.10	− 0.10	0.04	0.08	0.04	0.05	0.07	0.09
451.000–750.000	0.00	0.01	0.02	− 0.04	− 0.04	− 0.04	0.07	0.12	0.07	0.08	0.07	0.10
751.000–1.000.000	0.07	0.07	0.08	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.21	0.23	0.17	0.18	0.16	0.18
More than 1.000.000	0.14	0.14	0.15	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.28	0.31	0.18	0.19	0.15	0.20
Self-efficacy^d		0.05	0.06	0.03	0.03	0.02		0.26*	0.10*	0.10*	0.07	0.07
Self-esteem^e			− 0.02	− 0.06	− 0.06	− 0.10*			0.43*	0.44*	0.32*	0.11*
Pain (Ref = none)
Less than 3 months				− 0.14*	− 0.14*	− 0.14*				0.04	0.05	0.08*
More than 3 months				− 0.39*	− 0.39*	− 0.37*				− 0.04	− 0.02	0.07*
Loneliness^f					− 0.01	0.02					− 0.28*	− 0.08*
Stress^g						− 0.10*						− 0.58*
R² adj^c	30.0%	31%	30.9%	42.3%	42.2%	42.6%	16.2%	22.1%	36.8%	37.1%	42.4%	58.7%

*P ≤ 0.05
^aHierarchical regression analyses were performed separately for RAND36 PCS and MCS as dependent variables
^bThe independent variables were entered into the regression in six steps, leading to six linear regression models (M1–M6)
^cThe strength of the associations is described in terms of standardized regression coefficients and adjusted R²
^dSelf-efficacy: range 1–4, where higher values indicate higher levels of self-efficacy
^eSelf-esteem: range 1–4, where higher values indicate higher levels of self-esteem
^fLoneliness: range 8–32, where higher values indicate higher levels of loneliness
^gStress: range 0–1, where higher values indicate higher levels of stress

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