Stress, pain, and work affiliation are strongly associated with health-related quality of life in parents of 14–15-year-old adolescents

Table 4 Unadjusted associations between gender, demographic variables, psychosocial variables, pain and HRQOL examined by linear regression analyses^abc, N = 561

	SF36-PCS						SF-36-MCS
	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6	B1	B2	B3	B4	B5	B6
Gender (Ref = father)	− 0.05						− 0.08
Age	− 0.07						0.03
County (ref = Oslo/Viken)	− 0.70						0.02
Living conditions
Married/cohabitate	Ref						Ref
Single/divorced, widow/widower	0.05						− 0.12*
Education
Less than 13 years of education	− 0.09						0.06
University less than 4 years	− 0.05						0.04
University 4 years or more	Ref						Ref
Employment status (ref = Not paid work)
Full time	0.68*						0.34*
Part time	0.54*						0.20*
Absence from work (ref = 0 days)
1–4 days	− 0.09*						− 0.02
5–7 days	− 0.00						− 0.04
8–10 days	− 0.005						− 0.07
Household income (NOK)
Less than 250.000	Ref						ref
250.000–450.000	0.12						0.03
451.000–750.000	− 0.02						0.05
751.000–1.000.000	0.02						0.17
More than 1.000.000	0.10						0.24
Self-efficacy^d		0.21*						0.31*
Self-esteem^e			0.54*
						0.54*
Pain (ref = none)
Less than 3 months				− 0.19*						− 0.08
More than 3 months				− 0.50*						− 0.21*
Loneliness^f					− 0.015						− 0.49*
Stress^g						0.26*						− 0.73*
R² adj^c	23.9%	4.2%	2.6%	20.6%	2.0	6.4%	10.6%	9.4%	28.8%	3.3%	23.6%	53.8%

*P ≤ 0.05
^aLinear regression analyses were performed separately for the RAND36 PCS and MCS as the dependent variables
^bThe independent variables were grouped into six blocks: B1–B6
^cThe strength of the associations is described in terms of standardized regression coefficients and adjusted R²
^dSelf-efficacy: range 1–4, where higher values indicate higher levels of self-efficacy
^eSelf-esteem: range 1–4, where higher values indicate higher levels of self-esteem
^fLoneliness: range 8–32, where higher values indicate higher levels of loneliness
^gStress: range 0–1, where higher values indicate higher levels of stress

ISSN: 1477-7525