Stress, pain, and work affiliation are strongly associated with health-related quality of life in parents of 14–15-year-old adolescents

Table 3 Descriptive characteristics of HRQOL, self-efficacy, self-esteem, loneliness and stress (N = 561), and differences between women and men

	All N = 561	Mothers N = 426	Fathers N = 125	P value
HRQOL
RAND-36 PCS^a	52 (10)	51 (9)	53 (7)	0.002
RAND-36 MCS^a	52 (8)	51 (8)	54 (7)	< 0.001
RAND-36 eight domains
Bodily pain	78 (23)	77 (24)	85 (20)	< 0.001
General health	77 (19)	76 (20)	80 (15)	0.012
Physical function	93 (13)	93 (14)	96 (10)	0.016
Physical role function	84 (33)	82 (35)	90 (26)	0.003
Mental health	81 (13)	80 (13)	84 (11)	< 0.001
Vitality	64 (20)	62 (21)	70 (18)	< 0.001
Social function	87 (20)	85 (21)	93 (15)	< 0.001
Emotional role function	89 (28)	88 (29)	93 (23)	0.035
Psychological factors
General self-efficacy^b	3.3 (0.4)	3.3 (0.4)	3.4 (0.4)	0.007
Loneliness^c	12.7 (4.2)	12.8 (4.4)	12.5 (4.1)	0.573
Stress^d	0.28 (0.14)	0.29 (0.16)	0.24 (0.14)	0.006
Self-esteem^e	33.4 (0.55)	3.44 (0.55)	3.31(0.55)	0.026

Independent t tests were used to compare mothers and fathers
^aThe score for the SF-36 ranges from 0 to 100, where 100 indicates a high HRQOL. PCS, physical component summary; MCS, mental component summary
^bGeneral self-efficacy: range 1–4, where higher values indicate higher levels of self-efficacy
^cLoneliness: range 8–32, where higher values indicate higher levels of loneliness
^dStress: range 0–1, where higher values indicate higher levels of stress
^eSelf-esteem: range 1–4, where higher values indicate higher levels of self-esteem

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