Development and measurement properties of the AxEL (attitude toward education and advice for low-back-pain) questionnaire

Table 1 Descriptive statistics

Characteristic	Total sample, n = 313	Retest cohort, n = 71
Age in years, mean (SD)	48.9 (16.7)	53.8 (14.2)
Female, n (%)	205 (65%)	45 (63%)
Cultural background, n (%)^a	45 (14%)	NA
Health literacy, mean (SD)^b	4.6 (0.7)	NA
Number of sessions of moderate-intensity physical activity per week, mean (SD)^c	0.8 (0.8)	NA
Number of sessions of vigorous-intensity physical activity per week, mean (SD)^d	1.6 (1.0)	NA
Low back pain intensity, mean (SD)^e	3.4 (1.0)	5.5 (2.3)
Chronic low back pain, n (%)	252 (81%)	45 (63%)
Back Beliefs, mean (SD)^f	26.7 (7.1)	27.6 (7.5)
Pain Self Efficacy, mean (SD)^g	12.7 (4.8)	12.5 (4.4)

SD standard deviation, NA not asked
^aMeasured by asking whether participants spoke a language other than English at home, with answer options either yes or no
^bMeasured by asking how confident you are filling out medical forms by yourself with a range from 0 (not at all confident) to 5 (extremely confident)
^cModerate-intensity physical activity described as; increases your heart rate or makes you breathe harder than normal. (e.g., carrying light loads, bicycling at a regular pace or doubles tennis)
^dVigorous-intensity physical activity described as; makes you sweat or puff and pant. (e.g., heavy lifting, digging, jogging, aerobics, or fast bicycling)
^eNumeric rating scale with a range from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain possible)
^fBack Beliefs Questionnaire with a range from 9 (less pessimistic beliefs) to 45 (more pessimistic beliefs)
^gModified pain self-efficacy questionnaire with a range from 0 (low self-efficacy) to 18 (high self-efficacy)

ISSN: 1477-7525