A pilot study on the validity and psychometric properties of the electronic EQ-5D-5L in routine clinical practice

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study subjects in 2018 (N = 151)

	Overall (N = 151)	GOPC (N = 101)	SOPC (N = 50)	P value†
Socio-Demographics (%, n)
Male	53.0 (80)	66.3 (67)	26.0 (13)	0.001
Female	47.0 (71)	33.7 (34)	74.0 (37)
Age (mean ± SD), year	64.77 ± 9.23 (151)	66.13 ± 8.42 (101)	61.52 ± 9.73 (50)	0.001
Education				0.154
Primary or less	45.0 (68)	52.5 (53)	30.0 (15)
Secondary	47.0 (71)	40.6 (41)	60.0 (30)
Tertiary	7.9 (12)	6.9 (7)	10.0 (5)
Diagnosis (%, n)				< 0.001
Back	35.1 (53)	16.8 (17)	72.0 (36)
Knee	58.3 (88)	78.2 (79)	18.0 (9)
Both	6.6 (10)	5.0 (5)	10.0 (5)
Duration of Diagnosis				0.001
< 1 year	15.2 (23)	17.8 (18)	10.0 (5)
1–< 5 years	45.0 (68)	32.7 (33)	70.0 (35)
5–10 years	17.9 (27)	17.8 (18)	18.0 (9)
> 10 years	21.9 (33)	31.7 (32)	2.0 (1)
Number of other Chronic Diseases				0.399
0	14.6 (22)	10.9 (11)	22.0 (11)
1–3	72.8 (110)	76.2 (77)	66.0 (33)
> = 4	12.6 (19)	12.9 (13)	12.0 (6)
WOMAC (mean ± SD, n)
WOMAC Total score	27.69 ± 17.09 (149)	23.98 ± 16.07 (100)	35.92 ± 17.22 (50)	0.001
WOMAC Pain Subscale score	6.87 ± 4.06 (151)	6.11 ± 3.99 (101)	8.40 ± 3.81 (50)	0.001
WOMAC Stiffness Subscale score	2.48 ± 2.00 (150)	1.95 ± 1.84 (100)	3.54 ± 1.90 (50)	0.001
WOMAC Function Subscale score	18.45 ± 12.36 (150)	15.68 ± 11.18 (100)	23.98 ± 12.84 (50)	0.001
Pain Rating Scale scores (out of 10)	4.37 ± 2.35 (151)	3.94 ± 2.45 (101)	5.24 ± 1.90 (50)	0.001

EQ-5D-5L Dimensions Level % (n)				P value^§
Mobility (% with Limitation)#	28.4	24.7	36.0	0.074
No problems	25.2 (38)	26.7 (27)	22.0 (11)
Slight problems	46.4 (70)	48.5 (49)	42.0 (21)
Moderate problems	20.5 (31)	17.8 (18)	26.0 (13)
Severe problems	7.9 (12)	6.9 (7)	10.0 (5)
Extreme problems/unable to	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Self-care (% with Limitation)#	7.3	6.9	8.0	0.403
No problems	72.8 (110)	77.2 (78)	64.0 (32)
Slight problems	19.9 (30)	15.8 (16)	28.0 (14)
Moderate problems	6.6 (10)	6.9 (7)	6.0 (3)
Severe problems	0.7 (1)	0 (0)	2.0 (1)
Extreme problems/unable to	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Usual activities (% with Limitation)#	21.9	10.9	44.0	< 0.001
No problems	41.7 (63)	50.5 (51)	24.0 (12)
Slight problems	36.4 (55)	38.6 (39)	32.0 (16)
Moderate problems	17.2 (26)	6.9 (7)	38.0 (19)
Severe problems	4.0 (6)	4.0 (4)	4.0 (2)
Extreme problems/unable to	0.7 (1)	0 (0)	2.0 (1)
Pain (% with Limitation)#	47.7	40.6	62.0	0.007
No problems	9.3 (14)	13.9 (14)	0 (0)
Slight problems	43.0 (65)	45.5 (46)	38.0 (19)
Moderate problems	35.1 (53)	30.7 (31)	44.0 (22)
Severe problems	11.3 (17)	8.9 (9)	16.0 (8)
Extreme problems/unable to	1.3 (2)	1.0 (1)	2.0 (1)
Anxiety/depression (% with Limitation)#	15.9	9.9	28.0	0.002
No problems	51.0 (77)	60.4 (61)	32.0 (16)
Slight problems	33.1 (50)	29.7 (30)	40.0 (20)
Moderate problems	11.3 (17)	7.9 (8)	18.0 (9)
Severe problems	3.3 (5)	2.0 (2)	6.0 (3)
Extreme problems/unable to	1.3 (2)	0 (0)	4.0 (2)
EQ-5D-5L Utility score (mean ± S.D.)	0.62 ± 0.26	0.67 ± 0.23	0.52 ± 0.27	0.001
EQ-VAS score (mean ± S.D.)	67.89 ± 17.09	71.3 ± 15.78	61.06 ± 17.75	< 0.001

GOPC = general outpatient clinic; SOPC = specialist outpatient clinic; WOMAC = Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index
^#EQ-5D-5L dimension responses of moderate, severe and very severe were grouped into the “with Limitation” category
^†Tested by independent t-test; § tested by Chi-square test

ISSN: 1477-7525