Table 3 Synthesis of the studies distributed according to similar instruments measuring S/R and QoL
Author/year /study design/country | Objectives | Methods | Results | Conclusions | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | S/R and QoL instruments | ||||
Chai et al. (2012) [41] Observational cross-sectional New Zealand | To verify whether domestic and international students, with different ethnicities, adopt S/R coping strategies and how these affects QoL | 679 college students Female (495), Male (184) Average age = 22.59 years old | WHOQOL-SRPB; WHOQOL-bref | Europeans x Asians: SRPB = 24.79 and *26.85 Coping with stressors F(1.433) = *30.81, higher among Asian students S/R predicts psychological domains among Asian students (β = *0.22) | ↑ SRPB»► ↑ ability to cope with stress; ↑ SRPB»► ↑ psychological domains, social relationships, especially among Asian students when compared to European students |
Hsu et al. (2009) [37] Observational cross-sectional New Zealand | To verify whether S/R is related with QoL and with coping mechanisms among domestic and international students | 382 college students Gender not reported Average age = 23.78 years old | WHOQOL-SRPB; WHOQOL- bref | Domestic x international students: SRPB = 24.01 and 26.92* Correlations SRPB x psychological domain = *0.36 and *0.32 SRPB x social relation domains = 0.13 and *0.23 | ↑ SRPB»► ↑ psychological domain in both groups; ↑ social relationships among internationals ↑ SRPB»► ↑ social relationships among international students |
Krageloh et al. [30] (2015) Observational cross-sectional New Zealand | To verify the effect of S/R and personal beliefs on the QoL of student affiliated with a religion or not | 275 medical students Female (156), Male (118) Average age = 22.86 years old | WHOQOL-SRPB; WHOQOL- bref | General mean of the WHOOL-SRPB facets: *14.35 (religious), 10.82 (non-religious) | ↑ SRPB»► ↑ General QoL ↑ hope, optimism, and meaning of life»► ↑ psychological domain for all students |
Deb and Strodl [29] (2018) Observational cross-sectional India | To verify association between S/R and QoL among graduate Indian students | 475 graduate students Female (234), Male (241) Average age = 22.13 | SAI: DUREL, EWBS, NRCOPE, MHLC; WHOQOL-bref | Most significant correlations: NRCOPE x psychological domain = *0.60 NRCOPE x QV = *0.60 Most significant regressions: All S/R measures with psychological domains (F = *35.10) and Environment (F = *25.04) | ↑ E/R»► ↑ psychological and environmental domains ↑ E/R»► ↑ Total QoL, emphasis on the hope and high self-control facets |
Felicilda-Reynaldo et al. (2019) [42] Observational cross-sectional USA | To verify the predictive role of S/R on the QoL of nursing students from four countries | 659 nursing students Female (112), Male (547) Average age = 21.14 years old | DUREL, SCS; WHOQOL- bref | Linear regression S/R x QoL: Organizational and non-organizational religiosity x physical domain (β = *0.98 and β = *0,99), physical domain (β = *0.98 and β = *0.99). Non religious coping x psychological domain (β = *0.98) | ↑ Organizational and on non-organizational S/R»► ↑ physical domain and environment ↑ Non-organizational S/R»► ↑ psychological domain; ↑ Non-religious coping»►↑ QoL in the 4 domains |
Lau et al. (2015) [43] Longitudinal observational China | To verify the causal model in the relationship between spirituality and QoL during three years among college students | 1160 college students Female (787), Male (373) Average age = 20.9 years old | STS; WHOQOL-bref | Direct effects between the 1st and 3rd assessment of the STS in WHOQOL-brief (β = *0.130). The inverse did not occur (β = 0.098) | Spirituality predicted QoL but not vice-versa, regardless of affiliation or gender |
Pillay et al. (2016) [28] Observational cross-sectional South Africa | To assess the role of spirituality in the relationship with depressive symptoms and QoL among medical students | 230 medical students 166) Average age = 21 years old | SIBS; WHOQOL-bref | r de person SIBS x WHOQOL-brief = *0.294 SIBS x depression symptoms = * − 0.143 | ↓ S/R»► ↑ depressive symptoms ↑ S/R»► ↑ QoL |
Casu et al. (2018) [38] Observational cross-sectional Brazil | To verify how spirituality (S) is associated with stress and QoL among infertile couples | 152 couples (n = 304) Average age = 36.67 years old | FACIT-sp; WHOQOL-bref | Total effect of spirituality on QoL, B = * 0.55 | ↑ S was positively associated with ↑ individual QoL ↑ S ↓ stress among infertile couples |
DadkhahtehranI et al. (2018) [39] Observational cross-sectional Iran | To assess the association between religious coping and QoL among infertile individuals and their spouses | 200 couples (n = 400) Average age = 30.71 years old | Brief RCOPE scale; SF-36 | Positive religious coping among the wives x QoL (β = *0.51), negative coping x QoL (β = * − 1.31). Positive coping among the husbands x QoL (β = *0.80) | Personal beliefs positively influence QoL, but only individually among the wives; this effect was not found among their partners |
Gonçalves et al. (2018) [40] Observational cross-sectional Brazil | To investigate the relationship between S/R and mental health and QoL in a riverside community | 129 individuals Female (59), Male (70) Average age = 36.6 years old | SSRS, DUREL; SF-12 | Linear regression S x anxiety (β = * − 0.236) and depression (β = * − 0.398). Non-organizational religiosity x anxiety (β = * − 0.250), x depression (β = * − 0.351). Intrinsic religiousness x depression (β = * − 0.315) | ↑ S»► ↓ anxiety and depression symptoms; ↑ non-organizational R and intrinsic R»► ↓ anxiety and depression; S/R measures were not associated with QoL |