Quality of life and fear of COVID-19 in 2600 baccalaureate nursing students at five universities: a cross-sectional study

Table 2 Self-reported fear of COVID-19, general health, psychological distress and overall quality of life in bachelor nursing students versus reference data

Variables	Sample, mean ± SD	Population, mean^c	Cohen’s d (95% CI^b)	P value*
FCV-19S^a,g (1–5)	2.45 ± 0.80	1.85	0.80 (0.70, 0.79)	< 0.001
General health^d (1–5)	3.50 ± 0.93	3.57	− 0.07 (− 0,11, − 0.03)	< 0.001
Psychological distress (SCL-5)^e (1–5)	2.68 ± 1.03	2.12	0.55 (0.51, 0.59)	< 0.001
Overall Quality of life^f (0–10)	5.50 ± 2.16	8.00	− 1.16 (− 1.21, − 1.11)	< 0.001

^aOne-sample t-test mean sample score and unadjusted norm score FCV-19S (Iversen et al. 2021)
^bConfidence interval
^cAdjusted for age and gender
*One sample student’s t-test
^dIn line with the SF-36 scoring algorithm, the item was reversed. Higher score reflects better perceived general health
^eHigher score on Hopkins Symptom Checklist (SCL-5) reflect more psychological distress
^fHigher score of overall quality of health reflect better perceived overall quality of life
^gHigher score of FCV-19S reflect higher level of fear of COVID-19

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