Table 3 Adjusted quality of life (QoL) according to chronic disease and multimorbidity

All

64.0 (63.0, 65.1)

68.9 (67.8, 70.0)

72.1 (71.2, 73.1)

64.7 (63.8, 65.7)

67.5 (66.6, 68.3)

Monk healer

62.6 (61.0, 64.1)

69.3 (67.7, 70.9)

72.0 (70.6, 73.4)

62.0 (60.6, 63.4)

66.5 (65.2, 67.7)

Primary care

66.0 (64.9, 67.2)***

69.3 (68.1, 70.5)

72.4 (71.4, 73.5)

67.4 (66.2, 68.5)***

68.8 (67.9, 69.8)**

Hypertension

64.0 (61.9, 66.2)

68.5 (66.3, 70.8)

72.5 (70.5, 74.5)

65.8 (63.8, 67.8)

67.6 (66.0, 69.5)

Heart attack or stroke

62.2 (57.9, 66.5)

64.6 (60.2, 68.9)*

69.4 (67.3, 71.2)

65.1 (61.0, 69.3)

65.9 (62.3, 69.4)

High blood cholesterol

63.4 (61.1, 65.7)

67.8 (65.3, 70.2)

72.8 (70.6, 75.0)

64.6 (62.4, 66.8)

67.2 (65.3, 69.1)

Diabetes

62.3 (59.6, 64.9)

68.3 (65.5, 71.2)

71.9 (68.4, 74.4)

64.0 (61.4, 66.6)

66.7 (64.5, 68.9)

Emphysema/asthma

54.5 (49.6, 59.4)***

61.3 (56.1, 66.6)**

66.0 (61.3, 70.7)**

59.0 (54.3, 63.7)*

60.2 (56.2, 64.3)***

Sore joints, e.g., arthritis, gout

61.0 (57.9, 64.2)*

67.9 (64.6, 71.3)

71.5 (68.6, 74.5)

61.3 (58.3, 64.3)*

65.5 (62.9, 68.1)

Osteoporosis

60.8 (56.0, 65.5)

63.8 (58.7, 68.8)*

71.0 (66.5, 75.5)

62.6 (58.1, 67.1)

64.5 (60.6, 68.4)

Cancer or a malignancy of any kind

59.5 (55.6, 65.6)*

66.9 (61.6, 72.3)

70.6 (65.8, 75.3)

65.6 (60.8, 70.4)

66.2 (62.1, 70.3)

Migraine headaches

59.5 (56.9, 62.1)***

64.4 (61.7, 67.2)***

67.5 (65.1, 69.9)***

59.4 (57.0, 61.9)***

62.7 (60.6, 64.9)***

Ulcer (a stomach, duodenal or peptic ulcer)

60.1 (57.2, 63.0)**

66.3 (63.2, 69.5)

69.6 (66.8, 72.4)

61.3 (58.5, 64.1)**

64.3 (61.9, 66.7)**

Fatigue disorder

57.7 (55.1, 60.2)***

65.6 (62.9, 68.3)**

68.2 (65.8, 70.7)***

61.8 (59.3, 64.2)**

63.3 (61.2, 65.4)***

Sleeping problem

58.7 (55.7, 61.6)***

62.1 (59.0, 65.2)***

65.9 (63.1, 68.7)***

59.2 (56.4, 62.0)***

61.5 (59.1, 63.9)***

Common mental disorder

53.1 (51.2, 55.0)***

60.6 (57.9, 62.8)***

63.3 (61.4, 65.2)***

56.5 (54.6, 58.3)***

58.5 (56.9, 60.1)***

Substance use disorder

59.3 (55.2, 63.4)*

66.5 (63.4, 69.6)

67.7 (63.8, 71.5)*

60.3 (56.5, 64.2)*

63.6 (60.3, 67.0)*

Pattern of morbidity/multi-morbidity

 No chronic condition

68.2 (66.3, 70.1)

72.8 (70.7, 74.8)

74.8 (72.9, 76.6)

69.0 (67.2, 70.6)

71.2 (69.6, 72.7)

 One chronic condition

65.9 (63.8, 68.0)

70.4 (68.1, 72.7)

74.9 (72.9, 77.0)

65.7 (63.7, 67.7)

69.2 (67.5, 71.0)

 Two or more chronic conditions

59.6 (58.1, 61.2)

65.3 (63.6, 67.0)

68.7 (67.2, 70.2)

61.1 (59.6, 62.6)

63.7 (62.4, 65.0)

 Two chronic conditions

63.3 (60.8, 65.9)

66.1 (63.4, 68.9)

70.6 (68.2, 73.1)

62.4 (60.0, 64.8)

65.7 (63.6, 67.8)

 Three chronic conditions

59.5 (56.4, 62.6)

66.0 (62.8, 69.4)

69.5 (66.5, 72.5)

59.8 (56.8, 62.8)

63.9 (61.3, 66.5)

 Four or more chronic conditions

56.2 (53.7, 58.6)***

63.9 (61.3, 66.6)***

66.4 (64.1, 68.8)***

60.5 (58.2, 62.9)***

61.8 (59.7, 63.8)***