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Table 2 Adjusted odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) from multivariable logistic regression for general health by race/ethnicity

From: Racial/ethnic differences in health-related quality of life among Hawaii adult population

Variable

White

Chinese

Filipino

Japanese

NHPI

Hispanic

Predisposing variable

      

Sex, male

1.22 (1.02–1.45)+

1.38 (0.92–2.06)

0.80 (0.62–1.05)

1.08 (0.88–1.32)

1.12 (0.92–1.37)

1.29 (0.84–1.97)

Age (Ref: 18–44 years)

      

 45–64 years

1.48 (1.13–1.93)*

1.36 (0.92–2.06)

1.38 (0.97–1.96)

1.81 (1.30–2.51)*

1.29 (0.99–1.67)

2.78 (1.70–4.56)*

 ≥ 65 years

1.21 (0.87–1.68)

1.38 (0.67–2.85)

1.03 (0.65–1.62)

1.45 (0.99–2.10)

1.16 (0.81–1.66)

2.70 (1.38–5.31)*

Marital status (Ref: married)

      

 Single

1.07 (0.82–1.41)

1.07 (0.60–1.91)

1.19 (0.80–1.77)

0.96 (0.72–1.26)

0.95 (0.73–1.23)

1.22 (0.70–2.14)

 Separated/divorced/widowed

1.02 (0.83–1.24)

0.88 (0.53–1.47)

1.31 (0.93–1.84)

0.97 (0.77–1.22)

0.89 (0.68–1.17)

0.91 (0.53–1.55)

Education (Ref: ≤ high school)

      

 Some college

0.74 (0.60–0.91)*

0.85 (0.53–1.35)

0.91 (0.68–1.22)

0.82 (0.66–1.03)

0.89 (0.72–1.11)

1.07 (0.67–1.71)

 College graduate

0.51 (0.41–0.57)*

0.59 (0.36–0.97)+

0.92 (0.66–1.29)

0.61 (0.49–0.77)*

0.73 (0.54–0.98)+

0.57 (0.33–0.99)+

Enabling variable

      

Employment (Ref: unemployed)

      

 Employed

0.47 (0.39–0.57)*

0.72 (0.45–1.20)

0.65 (0.47–0.91)+

0.77 (0.62–0.97)+

0.93 (0.75–1.16)

0.63 (0.40–0.98)+

Income (Ref: < $50,000)

      

 ≥ $50,000

0.60 (0.48–0.73)*

0.88 (0.55–1.41)

0.74 (0.54–1.01)

0.69 (0.55–0.86)*

0.84 (0.66–1.08)

0.59 (0.32–1.07)

 Missing

0.92 (0.63–1.33)

1.17 (0.58–2.38)

0.84 (0.52–1.36)

1.54 (1.16–2.06)*

0.88 (0.60–1.27)

0.66 (0.26–1.68)

Housing status (Ref: own)

      

 Other

1.13 (0.89–1.43)

1.43 (0.85–2.42)

0.89 (0.66–1.21)

1.30 (1.02–1.65)+

1.08 (0.84–1.39)

1.24 (0.71–2.15)

Residential area, Oahu

0.99 (0.83–1.17)

0.73 (0.45–1.20)

1.22 (0.94–1.57)

0.98 (0.81–1.18)

1.18 (0.97–1.43)

1.98 (1.29–3.04)*

Have healthcare coverage

1.06 (0.74–1.52)

1.10 (0.48–2.23)

0.68 (0.44–1.04)

1.20 (0.74–1.96)

1.14 (0.80–1.64)

0.59 (0.30–1.19)

Couldn’t see doctor because of medical cost

1.62 (1.23–2.13)*

1.04 (0.48–2.23)

1.19 (0.80–1.77)

2.43 (1.53–3.86)*

1.40 (1.03–1.91)+

1.83 (1.04–3.20)+

Need variable

      

Exercise

0.38 (0.31–0.46)*

0.51 (0.34–0.77)*

0.69 (0.52–0.93)+

0.51 (0.42–0.62)*

0.49 (0.40–0.62)*

0.45 (0.29–0.71)*

Heavy drinking

0.73 (0.54–0.98)+

1.38 (0.46–4.18)

0.67 (0.38–1.20)

1.22 (0.81–1.84)

1.12 (0.80–1.56)

1.00 (0.51–1.95)

Smoking (Ref: current)

      

 Former/never

0.85 (0.67–1.09)

0.64 (0.31–1.33)

0.55 (0.37–0.83)*

1.24 (0.90–1.70)

0.61 (0.48–0.78)*

0.62 (0.34–1.14)

H/O heart attack

1.85 (1.30–2.62)*

1.28 (0.46–3.53)

1.81 (0.95–3.46)

1.67 (1.09–2.57)+

1.61 (1.00–2.60)

1.55 (0.54–4.47)

H/O CHD

1.57 (1.10–2.25)+

2.13 (0.86–5.28)

2.08 (1.21–3.59)*

2.01 (1.35–3.00)*

1.31 (0.78–2.19)

2.87 (1.00–8.26)+

H/O stroke

2.49 (1.59–3.89)*

1.65 (0.38–7.20)

0.93 (0.44–1.98)

1.63 (1.11–2.41)+

1.79 (1.10–2.93)+

1.37 (0.50–3.78)

H/O asthma

1.31 (1.05–1.64)+

1.58 (0.99–2.52)

1.19 (0.85–1.65)

1.13 (0.86–1.48)

1.11 (0.88–1.40)

1.36 (0.79–2.34)

H/O cancer

1.38 (1.13–1.69)*

2.56 (1.35–4.86)*

2.23 (1.34–3.70)*

1.55 (1.20–2.01)*

1.43 (1.03–2.00)+

1.18 (0.56–2.47)

H/O COPD

2.20 (1.70–2.84)*

3.86 (1.69–8.84)*

1.87 (1.09–3.21)+

1.87 (1.34–2.63)*

2.80 (1.92–4.07)*

1.25 (0.65–2.43)

H/O arthritis

1.86 (1.55–2.22)*

2.06 (1.32–3.23)*

1.76 (1.31–2.38)*

1.94 (1.59–2.36)*

1.64 (1.30–2.07)*

1.68 (1.08–2.60)+

H/O depression

2.58 (2.12–3.13)*

2.64 (1.38–5.06)*

1.87 (1.18–2.97)*

2.16 (1.64–2.84)*

2.14 (1.63–2.82)*

1.76 (1.05–2.97)+

H/O kidney disease

2.04 (1.38–3.02)*

3.02 (1.44–6.31)*

3.96 (2.16–7.26)*

2.50 (1.77–3.53)*

2.67 (1.76–4.03)*

2.02 (0.74–5.49)

H/O diabetes

2.31 (1.79–2.98)*

1.96 (1.20–3.21)*

2.44 (1.72–3.45)*

2.64 (2.11–3.31)*

2.27 (1.76–2.92)*

2.85 (1.67–4.87)*

Obese/overweight

1.48 (1.23–1.77)*

1.21 (0.81–1.81)

1.23 (0.94–1.60)

1.43 (1.18–1.74)*

1.45 (1.13–1.85)*

1.48 (0.88–2.48)

  1. General health was dichotomized as fair/poor (1) vs. excellent/very good/good (0). A multivariable logistic regression with quasi-binomial distribution was conducted, accounting for the complex sampling design
  2. NHPI, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander; H/O, history of; CHD, coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Ref, reference
  3. +P value < 0.05; *P value < 0.01