From: Racial/ethnic differences in health-related quality of life among Hawaii adult population
Variable | White | Chinese | Filipino | Japanese | NHPI | Hispanic |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predisposing variable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sex, male | 1.22 (1.02–1.45)+ | 1.38 (0.92–2.06) | 0.80 (0.62–1.05) | 1.08 (0.88–1.32) | 1.12 (0.92–1.37) | 1.29 (0.84–1.97) |
Age (Ref: 18–44 years) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 45–64 years | 1.48 (1.13–1.93)* | 1.36 (0.92–2.06) | 1.38 (0.97–1.96) | 1.81 (1.30–2.51)* | 1.29 (0.99–1.67) | 2.78 (1.70–4.56)* |
 ≥ 65 years | 1.21 (0.87–1.68) | 1.38 (0.67–2.85) | 1.03 (0.65–1.62) | 1.45 (0.99–2.10) | 1.16 (0.81–1.66) | 2.70 (1.38–5.31)* |
Marital status (Ref: married) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Single | 1.07 (0.82–1.41) | 1.07 (0.60–1.91) | 1.19 (0.80–1.77) | 0.96 (0.72–1.26) | 0.95 (0.73–1.23) | 1.22 (0.70–2.14) |
 Separated/divorced/widowed | 1.02 (0.83–1.24) | 0.88 (0.53–1.47) | 1.31 (0.93–1.84) | 0.97 (0.77–1.22) | 0.89 (0.68–1.17) | 0.91 (0.53–1.55) |
Education (Ref: ≤ high school) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Some college | 0.74 (0.60–0.91)* | 0.85 (0.53–1.35) | 0.91 (0.68–1.22) | 0.82 (0.66–1.03) | 0.89 (0.72–1.11) | 1.07 (0.67–1.71) |
 College graduate | 0.51 (0.41–0.57)* | 0.59 (0.36–0.97)+ | 0.92 (0.66–1.29) | 0.61 (0.49–0.77)* | 0.73 (0.54–0.98)+ | 0.57 (0.33–0.99)+ |
Enabling variable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Employment (Ref: unemployed) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Employed | 0.47 (0.39–0.57)* | 0.72 (0.45–1.20) | 0.65 (0.47–0.91)+ | 0.77 (0.62–0.97)+ | 0.93 (0.75–1.16) | 0.63 (0.40–0.98)+ |
Income (Ref: < $50,000) |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 ≥ $50,000 | 0.60 (0.48–0.73)* | 0.88 (0.55–1.41) | 0.74 (0.54–1.01) | 0.69 (0.55–0.86)* | 0.84 (0.66–1.08) | 0.59 (0.32–1.07) |
 Missing | 0.92 (0.63–1.33) | 1.17 (0.58–2.38) | 0.84 (0.52–1.36) | 1.54 (1.16–2.06)* | 0.88 (0.60–1.27) | 0.66 (0.26–1.68) |
Housing status (Ref: own) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Other | 1.13 (0.89–1.43) | 1.43 (0.85–2.42) | 0.89 (0.66–1.21) | 1.30 (1.02–1.65)+ | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 1.24 (0.71–2.15) |
Residential area, Oahu | 0.99 (0.83–1.17) | 0.73 (0.45–1.20) | 1.22 (0.94–1.57) | 0.98 (0.81–1.18) | 1.18 (0.97–1.43) | 1.98 (1.29–3.04)* |
Have healthcare coverage | 1.06 (0.74–1.52) | 1.10 (0.48–2.23) | 0.68 (0.44–1.04) | 1.20 (0.74–1.96) | 1.14 (0.80–1.64) | 0.59 (0.30–1.19) |
Couldn’t see doctor because of medical cost | 1.62 (1.23–2.13)* | 1.04 (0.48–2.23) | 1.19 (0.80–1.77) | 2.43 (1.53–3.86)* | 1.40 (1.03–1.91)+ | 1.83 (1.04–3.20)+ |
Need variable | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Exercise | 0.38 (0.31–0.46)* | 0.51 (0.34–0.77)* | 0.69 (0.52–0.93)+ | 0.51 (0.42–0.62)* | 0.49 (0.40–0.62)* | 0.45 (0.29–0.71)* |
Heavy drinking | 0.73 (0.54–0.98)+ | 1.38 (0.46–4.18) | 0.67 (0.38–1.20) | 1.22 (0.81–1.84) | 1.12 (0.80–1.56) | 1.00 (0.51–1.95) |
Smoking (Ref: current) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Former/never | 0.85 (0.67–1.09) | 0.64 (0.31–1.33) | 0.55 (0.37–0.83)* | 1.24 (0.90–1.70) | 0.61 (0.48–0.78)* | 0.62 (0.34–1.14) |
H/O heart attack | 1.85 (1.30–2.62)* | 1.28 (0.46–3.53) | 1.81 (0.95–3.46) | 1.67 (1.09–2.57)+ | 1.61 (1.00–2.60) | 1.55 (0.54–4.47) |
H/O CHD | 1.57 (1.10–2.25)+ | 2.13 (0.86–5.28) | 2.08 (1.21–3.59)* | 2.01 (1.35–3.00)* | 1.31 (0.78–2.19) | 2.87 (1.00–8.26)+ |
H/O stroke | 2.49 (1.59–3.89)* | 1.65 (0.38–7.20) | 0.93 (0.44–1.98) | 1.63 (1.11–2.41)+ | 1.79 (1.10–2.93)+ | 1.37 (0.50–3.78) |
H/O asthma | 1.31 (1.05–1.64)+ | 1.58 (0.99–2.52) | 1.19 (0.85–1.65) | 1.13 (0.86–1.48) | 1.11 (0.88–1.40) | 1.36 (0.79–2.34) |
H/O cancer | 1.38 (1.13–1.69)* | 2.56 (1.35–4.86)* | 2.23 (1.34–3.70)* | 1.55 (1.20–2.01)* | 1.43 (1.03–2.00)+ | 1.18 (0.56–2.47) |
H/O COPD | 2.20 (1.70–2.84)* | 3.86 (1.69–8.84)* | 1.87 (1.09–3.21)+ | 1.87 (1.34–2.63)* | 2.80 (1.92–4.07)* | 1.25 (0.65–2.43) |
H/O arthritis | 1.86 (1.55–2.22)* | 2.06 (1.32–3.23)* | 1.76 (1.31–2.38)* | 1.94 (1.59–2.36)* | 1.64 (1.30–2.07)* | 1.68 (1.08–2.60)+ |
H/O depression | 2.58 (2.12–3.13)* | 2.64 (1.38–5.06)* | 1.87 (1.18–2.97)* | 2.16 (1.64–2.84)* | 2.14 (1.63–2.82)* | 1.76 (1.05–2.97)+ |
H/O kidney disease | 2.04 (1.38–3.02)* | 3.02 (1.44–6.31)* | 3.96 (2.16–7.26)* | 2.50 (1.77–3.53)* | 2.67 (1.76–4.03)* | 2.02 (0.74–5.49) |
H/O diabetes | 2.31 (1.79–2.98)* | 1.96 (1.20–3.21)* | 2.44 (1.72–3.45)* | 2.64 (2.11–3.31)* | 2.27 (1.76–2.92)* | 2.85 (1.67–4.87)* |
Obese/overweight | 1.48 (1.23–1.77)* | 1.21 (0.81–1.81) | 1.23 (0.94–1.60) | 1.43 (1.18–1.74)* | 1.45 (1.13–1.85)* | 1.48 (0.88–2.48) |