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Table 5 Adjusted associations between sociodemographic variables, self-efficacy, self-esteem, pain, sleep, loneliness, stress, and HRQOL examined by hierarchical regression analysesa,b,c N = 696

From: Health-related quality of life is strongly associated with self-efficacy, self-esteem, loneliness, and stress in 14–15-year-old adolescents: a cross-sectional study

 

Physical well-being

Psychological well-being

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

M6

M7

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

M6

M7

Gender (ref = boy)

− 0.21*

− 0.13*

− 0.09*

− 0.07

− 0.06

− 0.07

− 0.06

− 0.27*

− 0.18*

− 0.09*

− 0.06

− 0.06

− 0.07*

− 0.05

Adult members of the household (ref = both parents)

 Part-time with each parent

− 0.07

− 0.05

− 0.04

− 0.04

− 0.04

− 0.04

− 0.03

− 0.09

− 0.06

− 0.04

− 0.04

− 0.04

− 0.04

− 0.02

 One parent and one stepparent

− 0.06

− 0.01

− 0.01

− 0.01

− 0.00

0.00

− 0.00

− 0.06

− 0.00

0.01

− 0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

 One parent

− 0.08

− 0.05

− 0.04

− 0.03

− 0.02

− 0.02

− 0.02

− 0.12*

− 0.09*

− 0.06

− 0.05

− 0.05

− 0.05

− 0.04

 Other caregivers

− 0.02

− 0.00

0.01

0.02

− 0.02

− 0.03

0.03

− 0.08

− 0.05

− 0.03

− 0.02

− 0.02

− 0.01

− 0.01

Parents’ work status (ref = both parents working)

 One parent working

− 0.10*

− 0.09*

− 0.09*

− 0.08

− 0.09*

− 0.09*

− 0.08

− 0.11*

− 0.10*

− 0.10*

− 0.09*

− 0.10*

− 0.08*

− 0.06*

 No parent working

− 0.08

− 0.09*

− 0.09*

− 0.10*

− 0.11*

− 0.10*

− 0.10*

0.00

− 0.01

0.01

− 0.01

− 0.02

− 0.02

− 0.02

School absence (ref = 0–4 days)d

 5–10 days

− 0.14*

− 0.12*

− 0.10*

− 0.08

− 0.08

− 0.07

− 0.07

− 0.13*

− 0.11*

− 0.05

− 0.03

− 0.03

− 0.02

− 0.01

 > 10 days

− 0.09

− 0.06

− 0.05

− 0.05

− 0.05

− 0.04

− 0.04

− 0.08

− 0.04

− 0.03

− 0.03

− 0.03

− 0.01

0.00

Self-efficacy

 

0.38*

0.26*

0.25*

0.24*

0.22*

0.21*

 

0.46*

0.21*

0.20*

0.19*

0.14*

0.11*

Self-esteem

  

0.24*

0.21*

0.19*

0.15*

0.12*

  

0.50*

0.46*

0.45*

0.33*

0.21*

Pain on average

   

− 0.13*

− 0.11*

− 0.10*

− 0.10*

   

− 0.18*

− 0.17*

− 0.15*

− 0.12*

Frequency of enough sleep (ref = always)

 Usually

    

− 0.12

− 0.12

− 0.11

    

− 0.14*

− 0.13*

− 0.11

 Sometimes

    

− 0.18*

− 0.18*

− 0.17*

    

− 0.12*

− 0.11*

− 0.05

 Rarely

    

− 0.11

− 0.11

− 0.10

    

− 0.09*

− 0.09*

− 0.03

 Never

    

− 0.08

− 0.08

− 0.07

    

− 0.08*

− 0.07*

− 0.02

Loneliness

     

− 0.11*

− 0.09

     

− 0.32*

− 0.24*

Stress

      

− 0.07

      

− 0.31*

R2 adj

0.106

0.237

0.275

0.289

0.299

0.307

0.308

0.150

0.343

0.511

0.539

0.545

0.616

0.658

 

Autonomy and parent relations

Social support and peers

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

M6

M7

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

M6

M7

Gender (ref = boy)

− 0.06

0.02

0.07

0.10*

0.10*

0.10*

0.12*

− 0.05

0.02

0.06

0.07

0.07

0.06

0.06

Adult members of the household (ref = both parents)

 Part-time with each parent

− 0.06

− 0.03

− 0.02

− 0.02

− 0.02

− 0.02

− 0.01

− 0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.03

 One parent and one stepparent

− 0.07

− 0.03

− 0.02

− 0.03

− 0.03

− 0.02

− 0.03

− 0.08

− 0.04

− 0.04

− 0.04

− 0.04

− 0.02

− 0.02

 One parent

− 0.13*

− 0.10*

− 0.09

− 0.08

− 0.07

− 0.07

− 0.06

− 0.05

− 0.03

− 0.02

− 0.02

− 0.02

− 0.02

− 0.02

 Other caregivers

− 0.11*

− 0.08

− 0.07

− 0.06

− 0.06

− 0.06

− 0.05

− 0.03

− 0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

0.02

Parents’ work status (ref = both parents working)

 One parent working

− 0.06*

− 0.06

− 0.06

− 0.05

− 0.06

− 0.04

− 0.03

− 0.03

− 0.03

− 0.03

− 0.03

− 0.03

− 0.00

0.00

 No parent working

− 0.07*

− 0.08

− 0.08

− 0.08

− 0.09*

− 0.09*

− 0.09*

0.05

0.04

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.04

0.04

School absence (ref = 0–4 days)d

 5–10 days

− 0.06

− 0.05

− 0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.02

− 0.06

− 0.05

− 0.02

− 0.01

− 0.01

0.00

0.00

 > 10 days

 − 0.02

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.04

− 0.05

− 0.02

− 0.01

− 0.01

− 0.02

0.02

0.02

Self-efficacy

 

0.36*

0.21*

0.20*

0.20*

0.17*

0.14*

 

0.31*

0.19*

0.19*

0.17*

0.10

0.09

Self-esteem

  

0.31*

0.27*

0.26*

0.19*

0.06

  

0.26*

0.25*

0.25*

0.06

0.03

Pain on average

   

− 0.16*

− 0.15*

− 0.13*

− 0.11*

   

− 0.03

− 0.03

0.02

0.02

Frequency of enough sleep (ref = always)

 Usually

    

− 0.05

− 0.04

− 0.01

    

− 0.13

− 0.12

− 0.11

 Sometimes

    

− 0.08

− 0.08

− 0.01

    

− 0.10

− 0.08

− 0.07

 Rarely

    

− 0.06

− 0.06

0.00

    

− 0.05

− 0.07

− 0.05

 Never

    

− 0.05

− 0.04

0.01

    

− 0.08

− 0.06

− 0.04

Loneliness

     

− 0.18*

− 0.09

     

− 0.48*

− 0.45*

Stress

      

− 0.34*

      

− 0.10

R2 adj

0.049

0.170

0.233

0.255

0.254

0.276

0.324

0.010

0.101

0.144

0.144

0.146

0.306

0.309

 

School environment

M1

M2

M3

M4

M5

M6

M7

Gender (ref = boy)

− 0.14*

− 0.04

0.02

0.04

0.05

0.04

0.06

Adult members of the household (ref = both parents)

 Part-time with each parent

− 0.03

− 0.01

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.02

 One parent and one stepparent

− 0.04

0.02

0.03

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.03

 One parent

− 0.05

− 0.02

− 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.03

 Other caregivers

− 0.02

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.04

0.04

0.05

Parents’ work status (ref = both parents working)

 One parent working

− 0.07

− 0.06

− 0.07

− 0.06

− 0.07

− 0.06

− 0.05

 No parent working

− 0.05

− 0.06

− 0.06

− 0.06

− 0.07

− 0.07

− 0.07

School absence (ref = 0–4 days)d

 5–10 days

− 0.12*

− 0.10*

− 0.06

− 0.04

− 0.03

− 0.03

− 0.02

 > 10 days

− 0.06

− 0.02

− 0.01

− 0.01

− 0.01

− 0.00

0.01

Self-efficacy

 

0.47*

0.30*

0.30*

0.28*

0.26*

0.24*

Self-esteem

  

0.34*

0.30*

0.27*

0.23*

0.13*

Pain on average

   

− 0.18*

− 0.16*

− 0.15*

− 0.13*

Frequency of enough sleep (ref = always)

 Usually

    

− 0.10

− 0.09

− 0.07

 Sometimes

    

− 0.16*

− 0.16*

− 0.11

 Rarely

    

− 0.13*

− 0.14*

− 0.09

 Never

    

− 0.11*

− 0.10*

− 0.06

Loneliness

     

− 0.11*

− 0.04

Stress

      

− 0.26*

R2 adj

0.046

0.250

0.327

0.355

0.369

0.377

0.404

  1. aHierarchical regression analyses were performed separately for each of the five KIDSCREEN subscales as dependent variables.
  2. bThe independent variables were entered into the regression in seven steps, leading to seven linear regression models (M1–M7).
  3. ͨThe strength of the associations is described in terms of standardized regression coefficients and adjusted R2
  4. ͩThe variable was recoded into three categories: “0–4 days” (none, 1–4 days), “5–10 days” (5–7 days, 8–10 days), or “ > 10 days”.
  5. *P ≤ 0.01