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Table 3 Descriptive characteristics for HRQOL, self-efficacy, self-esteem, pain, sleep, loneliness, and stress (N = 696)

From: Health-related quality of life is strongly associated with self-efficacy, self-esteem, loneliness, and stress in 14–15-year-old adolescents: a cross-sectional study

Variable

Total (n = 696)

Boys (n = 296)

Girls (n = 400)

P value

Physical well-being, mean (SD)a,b

47.1 (9.3)

49.6 (9.6)

45.2 (8.6)

< 0.001*

Psychological well-being, mean (SD)a,b

46.6 (8.4)

49.5 (8.1)

44.4 (8.0)

< 0.001*

Autonomy and parent relations, mean (SD)a,b

52.6 (8.7)

53.4 (9.1)

51.9 (8.5)

0.027

Social support and peers, mean (SD)a,b

48.4 (8.5)

49.0 (8.5)

48.0 (8.4)

0.130

School environment, mean (SD)a,b

48.0 (8.6)

49.6 (9.1)

46.8 (7.9)

< 0.001*

Self-efficacy, mean (SD)c

3.1 (0.4)

3.2 (0.4)

3.0 (0.4)

< 0.001*

Self-esteem, mean (SD)d

3.1 (0.7)

3.3 (0.6)

2.9 (0.7)

< 0.001*

Having pain today, N (%)

   

< 0.001*

 Yes

200 (28.7)

56 (18.9)

144 (36.0)

 

 No

496 (71.3)

240 (81.1)

256 (64)

 

Pain on average, mean (SD)e

2.2 (1.9)

1.6 (1.7)

2.6 (1.9)

< 0.001*

Pain interference with activity, median (min, max)f, g

1.3 (0.0, 10.0)

1.0 (0.0, 10.0)

1.3 (0.0, 9.7)

0.372

Pain interference with emotions, median (min, max)f, g

1.2 (0.0, 9.7)

0.7 (0.0, 9.2)

1.2 (0.0, 9.7)

< 0.001*

Pain duration, N (%)f, h

   

0.069

 Pain ≤ 3 months

335 (63.6)

133 (68.6)

202 (60.3)

 

 Pain > 3 months

192 (36.4)

61 (31.4)

131 (39.3)

 

Pain frequency, N (%)f, i

   

0.146

 Seldom

221 (41.9)

92 (47.4)

129 (38.7)

 

 Sometimes

123 (23.2)

42 (21.6)

81 (24.3)

 

 Often

183 (34.7)

60 (30.9)

123 (36.9)

 

OTC analgesic intake during the last 4 weeks, N (%)

   

< 0.001*

 Yes

342 (49.2)

103 (34.8)

239 (59.9)

 

 No

353 (50.8)

193 (65.2)

160 (40.1)

 

Frequency of OTC analgesic intake, N (%)j

   

0.043

 Daily

20 (5.8)

10 (9.7)

10 (4.2)

 

 Every week, but not daily

52 (15.2)

10 (9.7)

42 (17.6)

 

 Less often than every week

243 (71.1)

72 (69.9)

171 (71.5)

 

 No intake during the last 4 weeks

27 (7.9)

11 (10.7)

16 (6.7)

 

Problems with sleepiness, N (%)

   

< 0.001*

 No problem at all

280 (40.3)

151 (51.0)

129 (32.3)

 

 A slight problem

311 (44.7)

120 (40.5)

191 (47.9)

 

 More than a slight problem

68 (9.8)

17 (5.7)

51 (12.8)

 

 A big problem

26 (3.7)

7 (2.4)

19 (4.8)

 

 A very big problem

10 (1.4)

1 (0.3)

9 (2.3)

 

Frequency of enough sleep, N (%)

   

0.002*

 Always

59 (8.5)

34 (11.5)

25 (3.6)

 

 Usually

387 (55.7)

175 (59.1)

212 (53.1)

 

 Sometimes

177 (25.5)

69 (23.3)

108 (27.1)

 

 Rarely

63 (9.1)

15 (5.1)

48 (6.9)

 

 Never

9 (1.3)

3 (1.0)

6 (1.5)

 

Loneliness, median (min, max)k

13.0 (8.0, 32.0)

12.0 (8.0, 27.0)

13.0 (8.0, 32.0)

< 0.001*

Stress, mean (SD)l

0.29 (0.15)

0.24 (0.13)

0.33 (0.16)

< 0.001*

  1. Continuous variables analyzed using independent t-test and Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical variables analyzed using χ2-test
  2. HRQOL, health-related quality of life; OTC, over-the-counter; SD, standard deviation
  3. aKIDSCREEN subscales
  4. bRasch scores were computed for each subscale and transformed into t-values with a mean of 50 and an SD of 10. Higher values indicate higher levels of HRQOL
  5. cRange 1–4, where higher values indicate higher levels of self-efficacy
  6. dRange 1–4, where higher values indicate higher levels of self-esteem
  7. eRange 0–10, where 10 indicates pain as bad as you can imagine
  8. fN = 527
  9. gRange 0–10, where 10 indicates complete interference of pain
  10. hThe variable was dichotomized as “Pain ≤ 3 months” (only once, < 1 month, 1–3 months) or “Pain > 3 months” (> 3 months, > 6 months, > 12 months)
  11. iThe variable was recoded into three categories: “seldom” (< once/month, once/month), “sometimes” (2–3 times/month, once/week), or “often” (several times/week, every day)
  12. jN = 342
  13. kRange 8–32, where higher values indicate higher levels of loneliness
  14. lRange 0–1, where higher values indicate higher levels of stress
  15. *P ≤ 0.01
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

ISSN: 1477-7525

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