Table 3 Univariate linear regression analysis of correlates of HRQoL among adults receiving cART in Coastal Kenya

Age

−0.03 (− 0.12, 0.06)

0.11** (0.03, 0.19)

0.10*** (0.03, 0.17)

0.07** (0.01, 0.13)

0.01 (−0.02, 0.03)

0.27** (0.03, 0.50)

Sex

 Female

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Male

3.69*** (1.62, 5.77)

1.33* (−0.59,3.24)

1.17* (− 0.43, 2.78)

1.87** (0.46, 3.29)

0.49* (− 0.15, 1.14)

8.56*** (3.01, 14.10)

Marital status

 Married/cohabiting

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Separated/divorced/widowed

−.165* (−3.47, 0.17)

−2.32** (− 3.98, − 0.67)

−1.87** (− 3.25, − 0.48)

−1.70** (− 2.93, − 0.48)

− 0.25 (− 0.81, 0.32)

−7.79*** (− 12.60, − 2.98)

 Never married

0.18 (− 2.53, 2.90)

− 3.07** (− 5.54, − 0.61)

−2.84** (− 4.91, − 0.77)

− 3.06** (− 4.88, − 1.24)

− 0.66* (− 1.50, 0.18)

−9.45** (− 16.63, − 2.27)

Education

 Tertiary

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Secondary

−2.88 (− 7.25, 1.50)

− 2.02 (−6.09, 2.06)

0.68 (− 2.74, 4.10)

− 0.11 (− 3.13, 2.92)

0.26 (− 1.12, 1.63)

− 4.06 (− 15.91, 7.79)

 Primary

−4.17** (−8.13, − 0.21)

− 1.36 (− 5.04, 2.33)

1.09 (− 2.00, 4.19)

0.65 (− 2.09, 3.39)

0.49 (− 0.75, 1.74)

− 3.30** (− 14.02, 7.42)

 None

−7.00** (− 11.12, − 2.89)

−2.66* (− 6.49, 1.17)

0.38 (− 2.83, 3.59)

0.02 (− 2.83, 2.87)

0.01 (− 1.29, 1.29)

− 9.26* (− 20.40, 1.88)

Employment

 Formally employed

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Self-employed

−1.25 (− 4.22, 1.72)

− 0.70 (− 3.45, 2.04)

− 0.04 (− 2.33, 2.26)

0.32 (− 1.70, 2.35)

0.26 (− 0.67, 1.19)

−1.41 (− 9.38, 6.56)

 Other forms of employment

− 0.10 (− 6.04, 5.84)

1.42 (− 4.07, 6.92)

0.52 (− 4.07, 5.11)

4.96** (0.91, 9.01)

0.95 (− 0.90, 2.80)

7.75 (− 8.20, 23.71)

 Unemployed

−3.35** (− 6.05, − 0.66)

− 0.44 (− 2.94, 2.05)

−1.33 (− 3.41, 0.75)

0.01 (− 1.83, 1.84)

− 0.04 (− 0.88, 0.80)

− 5.16* (− 12.39, 2.08)

Currently living with

 Family

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Relative/friend

−1.22 (−7.02, 4.58)

−.191 (− 5.48, 5.10)

0.80 (−3.65, 5.24)

− 1.79 (− 5.71, 2.13)

− 0.90 (− 2.69, 0.88)

−3.31 (− 18.77, 12.15)

 Alone

0.43 (− 1.94, 2.80)

−1.99* (− 4.15, 0.18)

−1.02 (− 2.83, 0.80)

−1.66** (− 3.26, − 0.05)

− 0.66** (− 1.39, 0.07)

− 4.90* (− 11.22, 1.43)

 Socioeconomic asset index

0.79** (0.17, 1.41)

0.10 (− 0.47, 0.67)

0.46* (− 0.02, 0.94)

0.55** (0.13, 0.98)

0.07 (− 0.13, 0.26)

1.96** (0.31, 3.62)

Currently smoking

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

−1.34 (− 4.20, 1.53)

− 0.67 (−3.30, 1.96)

− 0.48 (− 2.68, 1.73)

− 0.23 (− 2.18, 1.73)

− 0.27 (− 1.15, 0.61)

−2.98 (− 10.65, 4.69)

Current khat use

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

3.55* (−0.57, 7.67)

3.16* (− 0.62, 6.93)

1.61 (−1.56, 4.78)

0.47 (−2.34, 3.28)

− 0.03 (− 1.31, 1.24)

8.75 (− 2.27, 19.78)

Current alcohol use

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

1.59 (−1.10, 4.27)

−0.11 (− 2.58, 2.36)

0.54 (− 1.52, 2.61)

− 0.40 (− 2.23, 1.43)

0.05 (− 0.78, 0.88)

1.68 (− 5.52, 8.87)

Disclosure

 Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 No

−2.61* (−6.19, 0.97)

−6.44*** (−9.67, −3.21)

−4.06*** (− 6.79, −1.33)

−5.04*** (− 7.43, − 2.64)

−0.36 (− 1.46, 0.75)

−18.50*** (− 27.94, − 9.06)

Clinic accessible

 Yes

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 No

−3.39** (−5.85, −0.94)

− 3.05** (− 5.30, − 0.80)

−3.09*** (−4.96, −1.21)

− 2.20** (− 3.86, − 0.53)

−1.43*** (− 2.18, − 0.67)

−13.15*** (− 19.66, − 6.64)

Satisfaction with current care

 Satisfied

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Not satisfied

−1.48 (− 5.71, 2.76)

−0.91 (−4.80, 2.97)

− 4.21** (−7.44, − 0.98)

−4.19*** (− 7.05, − 1.33)

− 0.17 (− 1.49, 1.14)

−10.97* (− 22.27, 0.32)

Any current opportunistic infection

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

−3.30*** (−5.47, −1.12)

−4.01*** (− 5.99, −2.03)

− 1.37* (− 3.06, 0.31)

−0.25 (− 1.74, 1.24)

− 0.27 (− 0.95, 0.41)

−9.20*** (− 15.01, − 3.39)

Any current chronic illness

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

−2.45* (−5.53, 0.66)

−0.77 (− 3.62, 2.06)

−0.46 (− 2.84, 1.92)

−1.23 (− 3.34, 0.87)

− 0.26 (− 1.22, 0.70)

−5.17 (− 13.45, 3.11)

Depressive symptom

 No

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Yes

− 12.85*** (− 15.02, − 10.69)

−12.21*** (− 14.17, − 10.25)

−6.82*** (− 8.61, − 5.03)

− 2.66*** (−4.32, − 1.00)

− 3.20*** (− 3.90, − 2.49)

−37.75*** (− 43.35, − 32.15)

HIV stigma

− 0.37*** (− 0.47, − 0.26)

− 0.54*** (− 0.62, − 0.45)

−0.20*** (− 0.28, − 0.11)

−0.22*** (− 0.29, − 0.15)

−0.11*** (− 0.14, − 0.07)

−1.42*** (− 1.69, − 1.16)

 Duration since HIV diagnosis

− 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.01)

0.01* (− 0.01, 0.03)

−0.01 (− 0.02, 0.01)

−0.01 (− 0.01, 0.01)

−0.01 (− 0.01, 0.01)

− 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.04)

 Duration on cART

0.01 (−.01, 0.02)

0.02** (0.01, 0.04)

−0.01 (− 0.02, 0.01)

0.01 (− 0.01, 0.01)

−0.01 (− 0.01, 0.01)

0.02 (− 0.02, 0.07)

cART regimen

 First line

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Second line

−1.14 (− 5.19, 2.90)

− 4.24** (− 7.93, − 0.55)

1.01 (− 2.08, 4.11)

0.98 (− 1.78, 3.73)

− 0.72 (− 1.97, 0.53)

−4.11 (− 14.93, 6.71)

ART adherence

 High

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Medium/ Low

−4.92*** (− 8.15, −1.68)

− 5.02*** (−7.97, − 2.06)

−1.66* (− 4.17, 0.84)

0.85 (− 1.37, 3.07)

−1.40*** (− 2.41, −0.40)

−12.15*** (− 20.81, − 3.48)

Viral Load

 ≤1000 copies

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 > 1000 copies

−0.15 (− 3.12, 2.83)

−1.65 (−4.39, 1.09)

− 2.18* (− 4.57, 0.21)

0.48 (− 1.66, 2.63)

−0.74* (− 1.71, 0.23)

−4.24 (− 12.29, 3.81)

WHO staging

 Stage 1

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

 Stage 2

−0.83 (−4.80, 3.13)

−1.24 (− 4.87, 2.39)

−2.37* (− 5.40, 0.65)

0.90 (− 1.80, 3.60)

0.62 (− 0.60, 1.84)

− 2.92 (− 13.51, 7.67)

 Stage 3

4.17 (− 6.38, 14.67)

5.08 (− 4.54, 14.70)

3.61 (− 4.40, 11.62)

4.40 (− 2.74, 11.55)

0.87 (− 2.37, 4.10)

18.13 (−9.92, 46.17)

 Stage 4

2.17 (−8.34, 12.67)

5.41 (− 4.20, 15.03)

1.28 (− 6.73, 9.29)

0.07 (−7.08, 7.22)

− 2.13 (− 5.37, 1.10)

6.79 (− 21.25, 34.84)

Physician empathy

0.37** (0.11, 0.62)

0.31** (0.07, 0.54)

0.73*** (0.54, 0.91)

0.68*** (0.52, 0.84)

0.15*** (0.07, 0.23)

2.23*** (1.58, 2.89)

 BMI

0.29*** (0.11, 0.46)

0.20** (0.04, 0.36)

0.23*** (0.10, 0.37)

0.04 (−0.08, 0.17)

0.04 (−0.02, 0.09)

0.80*** (0.33, 1.27)