Table 1 Study characteristics of included articles measuring HRQL in general injury populations

Abedzadeh-Kalahroudi, 2015 [23], Iran

Hospitalised trauma patients (15-65y) (N = 400); Hospital; Prospective cohort study

WHODAS II

1 month

3 months

Predictors disability: age, length of hospital stay, injury to extremities

Disability:

- 1 month mean: 30.3 (9.2)

- 3 months mean: 18.8 (8.3)

- Activity limitation: 11.3 (15.8)

- Participation: 16.9 (20.2)

Aitken, 2012 [24], Australia

Adult (≥18) patients with acute trauma (N = 212); Hospital; Prospective multicentre study

SF-36

Hospital discharge (92%)

3 months (60%)

6 months (59%)

PCS: age, body region containing most severe injury, perceived consequences of injury;

MCS: age, gender, perceived ability to control environment predicted outcome

Slight improvement in HRQL from 3 to 6 months after hospital discharge, but not back at pre-injury level

Aitken, 2014 [25], Australia

Trauma intensive care patients (adults) from one tertiary referral hospital admitted for acute injury (N = 123); Prospective cohort study

SF-36

Psychological status: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) and the PTSD Civilian Checklist

1 month (76%)

6 months (72%)

Not identified

HRQL outcome:

- 1 months: PCS: 32.7 (10.4); MCS: 40.6 (15.7)

- 6 months: PCS: 40.9 (13.2); MCS: 42.6 (14.0)

Scores significantly below Australian norms both 1 and 6 months post-discharge

Aitken, 2016 [26], Australia

Trauma intensive care patients (adults) from one tertiary referral hospital admitted for injury (N = 123); Prospective cohort study

SF-36

Psychological status: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) and the PTSD Civilian Checklist

1 month (76%)

6 months (72%)

12 months (68%)

24 months (56%)

Non-modifiable factors linked with physical function: Optimistic perception of illness, greater self-efficacy, hospital length of stay, injury insurance

HRQL outcome:

- 1 month: PCS: 32.7 (10.4); MCS: 40.6 (15.7)

- 6 months: PCS: 40.9 (13.2); MCS: 42.6 (14.0)

- 12 months: PCS: 42.8 (11.7); MCS: 42.4 (13.8)

- 24 months: PCS: 43.7 (12.3); MCS: 44.6 (12.5)

Averages remained below Australian norms at 24 months

Davie, 2018 [27], New Zealand

Individuals (18-64y) from ACC entitlement claims register (N = 2856); Prospective cohort study

WHODAS II

3 months

12 months

24 months (65% with complete data)

Comorbidity

Percentage disabled:

-3 months: No comorbidities: 37.2%

1 comorbidity: 39.8%

Multimorbidity: 51.9%

- 12 months: No comorbidities: 10.6%

1 comorbidity: 11.4%

Multimorbidity: 27.1%

- 24 months: No comorbidities: 8.9%

1 comorbidities: 10.8%

Multimorbidity: 24.6%

Derrett, 2011 [14], New Zealand

Individuals (18-64y) from ACC entitlement claims register (N = 2856); Prospective cohort study

EQ-5D + cognition;

WHODAS II 12-item

3 months (59%)

Not identified (preliminary analysis only)

Worse HRQL and increased disability compared to pre-injury status

Derrett, 2012 [28], New Zealand

Individuals (18-64y) from ACC entitlement claims register (N = 2856); Prospective cohort study

WHODAS II

3 months (96%) (informed on pre-injury status and post injury status in one interview)

Associated with disability: pre-injury disability, obesity, higher injury severity (NISS > 3), female, ≥2 chronic conditions before injury, perceiving a threat of disability, lower extremity fracture

Non-hospitalised: disability experienced by 39% 3 months after injury

Hospitalised: Phase disability more prevalent

Derrett, 2013 [29], New Zealand

Individuals (18-64y) from ACC entitlement claims register (N = 2856); Prospective cohort study

WHODAS II

24 months (76%)

Post-injury disability:

- Hospitalised: WHODAS ≥ 10, ≥2 chronic conditions pre-injury, not being optimistic pre-injury, BMI ≥ 30, smoking, perceived threat of long term disability, trouble accessing health care, head/neck superficial injury, lower extremity open wound

- Non-hospitalised: WHODAS ≥ 10, ≥2 chronic conditions pre-injury, depressive type episode pre-injury, BMI ≥ 30, smoking, intentional injury, trouble accessing health care, intracranial injury, spine sprain/dislocation

Disability at 24 months:

- Hospitalised: 13.1%

- Non-hospitalised: 13.0%

- Māori: 19%

- Pacific participants: 15%

Harcombe, 2015 [30], New Zealand

Individuals (18-64y) from ACC entitlement claims register (N = 2856); Prospective cohort study

EQ-5D

3 months

12 months

24 months (25–28% missing at least 1 response)

Not identified

Attain pre-injury status:

- Hospitalised:

3 months: 20%

12 months: 28%

24 months: 34%

- Non-hospitalised:

3 months: 30%

12 months: 35%

24 months: 36%

Langley, 2013 [31], New Zealand

Individuals (18-64y) from ACC entitlement claims register (N = 2856); Prospective cohort study

EQ-5D + cognition

3 months

12 months (80%)

Preinjury EQ-5D status, female, age 45–64, inadequate household income, preinjury disability, 2 or more prior chronic illnesses, smoking regularly, dislocation/sprains to spine or upper extremities, having relatively severe injury

Continued adverse outcomes (pain/discomfort) 12 months after injury

Maclennan, 2013 [32], New Zealand

Individuals of Māori ethnicity from ACC entitlement claims register (18-64y) (N = 566); Prospective cohort study

EQ-5D + cognition;

WHODAS II 12-item

3 months (59%)

Not identified

HRQL:

- Walking difficulties: +/− half cohort

- Pain/discomfort: 2/3 of cohort

- Psychological distress: > 1/2 cohort

- Disability: 49%

- Satisfied with life: majority

- Consider themselves in good/excellent health: majority

Maclennan, 2014 [33], New Zealand

Individuals (18-64y) from ACC entitlement claims register (N = 2856); Prospective cohort study

WHODAS II & EQ-5D + cognition

3 months

12 months (80%)

Not identified

Pre-injury:

- Non-Māori: > 90% good health

- Māori: > 90% good health

12 months:

- Non-Māori: problems increased 4–40%

- Māori: problems increased 5–45%

Mauiliu, 2013 [34], New Zealand

Individuals (18-64y) from ACC entitlement claims register (N = 2856); Prospective cohort study

EQ-5D

WHODAS II

3 months (59%)

Less likely to have problems with disability & HRQL: Pacific people

Pacific people less likely to have:

- Disability: no/lesser problems

- Self-care: no problems

- Anxiety/depression: no problems

Wilson, 2013 [35], New Zealand

Individuals (18-64y) from ACC entitlement claims register (N = 2856); Prospective cohort study

EQ-5D + cognition

12 months (78%)

Sex, injury severity, hospitalisation status

Mean QALYs lost first year after injury:

- Male: 0.21 QALY

- Female: 0.24 QALY

- Hospitalised: 0.25 QALY

- Non-hospitalised: 0.21 QALY

Wyeth, 2017 [36], New Zealand

Individuals (18-64y) from ACC entitlement claims register (N = 2856); Prospective cohort study

WHODAS II

3 months

24 months (66%)

Disability at 24 months: ≥2 chronic conditions pre-injury, trouble accessing healthcare services after injury; hospitalisation for injury, inadequate pre-injury household income

Percent disability:

- Pre-injury: 9%

- 24 months: 19%

- Age 30–49: 23% (highest proportion)

Wyeth, 2018 [37], New Zealand

Individuals (18-64y) from ACC entitlement claims register (N = 2856); Prospective cohort study

WHODAS

24 months (80% non-Māori; 66% Māori)

Māori: not working for pay before injury, experiencing disability before injury, trouble accessing healthcare services for injury

Non-Māori: inadequate household income prior to injury, less than secondary school qualifications, not working for pay, disability prior to injury, ≥2 chronic conditions, BMI ≥ 30

RR of disability 24 months after injury:

Māori:

- Hospitalised, non-working: 2.7 (1.4, 4.9)

- Pre-injury disabled: 3.1 (1.6, 5.8)

- Difficulties accessing health care: 2.6 (1.3, 5.2)

Non-Māori:

- Hospitalised, inadequate household income: 2.4 (1.4, 4.1)

- Less than secondary school qualification: 2.0 (1.1, 3.8)

- Not working for pay before injury: 2.8 (1.5, 5.1)

- Disability before injury: 3.0 (1.7, 5.2)

- ≥ 2 chronic conditions: 3.5 (2.0, 6.4)

- BMI ≥ 30: 2.4 (1.3, 4.4.)

Dhungel, 2015 [38], US

Adult (18+) trauma population divided in groups of normal weight, overweight, obese and morbidly obese (N = 235); Trauma centre; Prospective cohort study

FIM

Admission Hospital discharge

6 months (79%)

Not defined

Functional Status:

- Admission: Non-obese: 38.2 (13.9)

Overweight: 40.0 (11.1)

Obese: 38.3 (15.1)

Morbidly obese: 41.6 (13.9)

- Discharge: Non-obese: 62.4 (7.9)

Overweight: 60.0 (8.4)

Obese: 56.7 (13.0)

Morbidly obese: 58.7 (9.3)

- Follow-up: Non-obese: 71.1 (2.1)

Overweight: 70.6 (3.4)

Obese: 70.3 (3.8)

Morbidly obese: 69.8 (5.4)

Dinh, 2016 [39], Australia

Adult (≥16) trauma patients (N = 349); Major trauma centre; Prospective cohort study

EQ-5D and SF-12

Baseline

3 months

6 months (51%)

Physical health: lower limb injuries; Mental health: mechanism of injury, past mental health; RTW: increasing ISS, upper limb injuries

HRQL: No significant change in PCS and MCS between 3 and 6 months

Gabbe, 2013 [40], Australia

Adult major trauma patients (N = 662); Level 1 trauma centre; Prospective cohort study

SF-12

GOSE

6 months

12 months

18 months

24 months (93% followed up for at least 1 time point)

Not defined

- 6-12 months: Functional recovery, RTW, physical health improved

- > 12 months: little change

- < 18 months: mental health score decreased

- 18-24 months: mental health score improved

Gabbe, 2016 [41], Australia

Adult major trauma survivors (N = 8844); Victorian State Trauma Registry (VSTR); Prospective cohort study

GOS

GOSE

6 months

12 months

24 months (74% for all follow-up points)

Female, older patients, pre-existing conditions, spinal cord injured and multi-trauma patients involving head injury, intentional/low-fall events, compensable patients, greater socioeconomic disadvantage, pre-existing drug/alcohol/mental health conditions

Good recovery:

- 6 months: Male: 33.2%; Female: 27.2%

- 12 months: Male: 37.3%; Female: 28.8%

- 24 months: Male: 39.7%; Female: 31.1%

Gabbe, 2017 [42], Australia

Hospitalised adult major trauma patients (ISS ≥ 12) (N = 2424); Victorian State Trauma Registry (VSTR); Prospective cohort study

EQ-5D-3 L

6 months (84%)

12 months (85%)

24 months (84%)

36 months (74%)

Age, compensable status, level of education, nature of injuries, gender, preinjury employment, level of socioeconomic disadvantage

HRQL:- 6 months: 0.67 (0.31)

- 12 months: 0.68 (0.32)

- 24 months: 0.71 (0.31)

- 36 months: 0.70 (0.32)

Gross, 2011 [43], Switzerland

Patients treated primarily at a university trauma centre after blunt polytrauma (N = 178); University hospital ICU; Prospective cohort study

EQ-5D

SF-36

MFA

TOP

24 months (57%)

Long term pain associated with HRQL-scores

Mean (SD) HRQL:

EQ-5D pain:

- Pre-injury: 1.1 (0.4)

- Post-injury: 1.7 (0.6)

SF-36 pain:

- Pre-injury: 94.3 (14.1)

- Post injury: 65.0 (29.5)

MFA pain:

- Pre-injury: 1.4 (0.7)

- Post-injury: 2.4 (1.2)

TOP total pain:

- Pre-injury: 96.2 (7.7)

- Post injury: 72.0 (29.7)

Gross, 2012 [44], Switzerland

Polytrauma patients defined as trauma victims with ISS ≥ 16 (N = 170); University hospital ICU; Prospective cohort study

EQ-5D

SF-36

2.5 years (65%)

Negative association with EQ-5D and SF-36: Brain injury

HRQL:

EQ-VAS:

- Pre-injury: Non-TBI: 88.5 (17.6); TBI: 91.4 (9.5)

- Post-injury: Non-TBI: 69.9 (23.4); TBI: 59.4 (25.0)

EQ-5D:

- Pre-injury: Non-TBI: 94.5 (13.7); TBI: 98.6 (3.6)

- Post-injury: Non-TBI: 76.4 (20.8); TBI: 65.4 (27.7)

SF-36:

- Pre-injury:

PCS: non-TBI: 56.0 (6.9); TBI: 56.8 (5.5)

MCS: non-TBI: 50.8 (11.8); TBI: 50.3 (11.3)

- Post-injury:

PCS: non-TBI: 45.3 (10.6); TBI: 44.0 (11.9)

MCS: non-TBI: 48.1 (12.9); TBI: 38.9 (13.1)

Gross, 2019 [45], Switzerland

Major trauma patients (15-63y) (NISS ≥ 8) (N = 1078); Teaching hospital; Prospective cohort study

SF-36, EQ-5D & GOS

1 year

2 years

(31.2% year 1 & 2)

Associated with GOS outcomes between 1-2y after trauma: gender, age, trauma, energy, length of hospital stay

HRQL:

EQ-5D:

- 1 year:

Male: 0.74 (0.22)

Female: 0.77 (0.19)

- 2 years:

Male: 0.74 (0.22)

Female: 0.80 (0.15)

SF-36:

- 1 year:

Male: PCS: 46.11 (9.78); MCS: 49.25 (12.66)

Female: PCS: 47.54 (9.24); MCS: 47.92 (11.81)

- 2 years:

Male: PCS: 46.29 (9.97); MCS: 50.14 (12.78)

Female: PCS: 48 .8(8.18); MCS: 49.61 (10.60)

Innocenti, 2014 [46], Italy

Adult (≥18) patients admitted in ED-HDU for trauma (N = 418); Prospective cohort study

SF-12

6 months (58%)

Not defined

Pre-injury:

- MCS: normal score: 94%

- PCS: normal score: 96%

After injury:

- MCS: normal score: 70%

- PCS: normal score: 58%

Innocenti, 2015 [47], Italy

Mild to moderate trauma patients admitted to ED high dependency unit (N = 286); Prospective cohort study

SF-12

6 months (53%)

Older age, female, pre-existing medical conditions, high Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score

Pre-injury:

- PCS: 53 (7)

- MCS: 55 (7)

6 months:

- PCS: 41 (12)

- MCS: 46 (13)

Maintain normal value after injury:

PCS: 52%

MCS: 68%

Jagnoor, 2017 [48], India

Children (2-16y) with overnight admission to hospital due to injury (N = 386); Hospital/secondary/tertiary care institution; Prospective multicentre study

PedsQL

Pre-injury (97%)

1 month (73%)

2 months

4 months

12 months (77% all time points)

Not defined

Mean score:

- Baseline:

Physical score: 99.4 (3.4)

Psychosocial score: 99.4 (3.4)

- 1 month:

Physical: 79.7

Psychosocial: 86.3

- 2 months: all scores improved

Kendrick, 2017 [49], UK

Patients (16-70y) with unintentional injury that required hospital admission (N = 668); Hospital; Prospective multicentre study

EQ-5D-3 L

1 month (77%)

2 months (72%)

4 months (68%)

12 months (63%)

Associated with clinically important reductions in HRQL between 2 & 12 months post-injury: Higher depression and anxiety scores

HRQL:

- Pre-injury: 0.92 (0.18)

- 1 month: 0.44 (0.28)

-2 months: 0.57 (0.27)

- 4 months: 0.69 (0.23)

- 12 months: 0.78 (0.21)

60% respondents 12 months after injury lower HRQL than pre-injury

Llaquet, 2018 [50], Spain

Injured adult (≥16) patients admitted to intensive care unit in Spanish level 1 trauma centre (N = 304); Prospective cohort study

EQ-5D-5 L

Hospital discharge

3 months

6 months

12 months (66%)

Lower EQ-VAS: Age ≥ 55, female, unskilled employment

HRQL:

EQ-VAS:

- Discharge: 60

- 3 months: 65

- 6 months: 70

- 12 months: 75

Nguyen, 2018 [51], Vietnam

Adult injury patients hospitalised for at least 1 day (N = 892); Hospital; Prospective cohort study

HUI3

1 month (86%)

2 months (86%)

4 months (85%)

12 months (82%)

Older age, more severe injury, other illnesses

HRQL:

- 1 month: Males: 0.52; Female: 0.28

- 2 months: Males: 0.67; Females: 0.47 l

-4 months: Males: 0.77; Females: 0.57

- 12 months: Males: 0.87; Females: 0.71

Orwelius, 2012 [52], Sweden

Adult patients with emergency admission to ICU (N = 146); ICU; Prospective multicentre study

SF-36

6 months (74%)

12 months (58%)

24 months (39%)

Associated with HRQL: Pre-existing disease, Maximum SOFA score, APACHE-II score, marital status

- 6-12 months: significant improvements for role limitations caused by physical problems; improvement in bodily pain

- 12-24 months: further improvements

Pieper, 2015 [53], US

Children 8–17 with mild (brain) injury or no injury (N = 120); Paediatric emergency department; Prospective cohort study

PedsQL

Baseline (preinjury)

1 month

3 months

6 months

12 months (86%)

Not defined

Total generic health:

- Baseline: Child: 83.5 Parent: 86.9

- 1 month: Child: 83.1 Parent: 84.2

- 3 months: Child: 86.1 Parent: 85.6

- 6 months: Child: 87.4 Parent: 85.7

- 12 months: Child: 88.6 Parent: 87.0

Rainer, 2014 [54], Hong Kong/Australia

Adult (≥18) Major trauma patients (ISS ≥ 16); (Hong Kong: N = 225; Australia: N = 1752); Trauma registry; Prospective multicentre study

SF-12

GOSE

6 months (HK: 72.4%; Australia: 83.4%)

12 months (HK: 62.1%; Australia: 85.8%)

Sex, age, ISS, Glasgow Coma Scale

PCS:

- 6 months: HK: 42.7 (9.8); AUS: 41.6 (11.8)

- 12 months: HK: 42.2 (11.0); AUS: 42.6 (12.0)

MCS:

- 6 months: HK: 51.8 (12.4); AUS: 50.6 (11.4)

- 12 months: HK: 52.2 (10.9); AUS: 50.3 (11.2)

Rainer, 2014 [55], Hong Kong

Adult (≥18) patients moderate/major trauma (ISS ≥ 9) (N = 400); Prospective multicentre study

SF-36

GOSE

Baseline (preinjury) Discharge-30 days (84%)6 months (70%) 12 months (59%)

Age > 65, male, pre-injury health problems, admission to ICU, ISS, baseline, 1 and 6 month PCS, 6 month MCS (univariate analysis only)

GOSE: Upper good recovery %:

- Baseline: 3.5%

- 1 month: 9.7%

- 6 months: 16.0%

- 12 months: 16.5%

HRQL: % above norm

PCS: (norm HK: 52.83)

- Baseline: 4.8%

- 1 month: 6.7%

- 6 months: 15.0%

- 12 months: 15.5%

MCS: (norm HK: 47.18)

- Baseline: 57.0%

- 1 month: 28.5%

- 6 months: 39.7%

- 12 months: 31.2%

Ringdal, 2010 [56], Sweden

Adult injury patients that required intensive care (N = 344); Hospital; Prospective multicentre study

SF-36

4.5y to 5.5y after injury (71%)

Delusional memories during ICU stay, pre-existing disease prior trauma

0.5–1.5 years:

- PCS: 65.9 (31.6)

- MCS: 63.7 (27.3)

4.5–5.5 years:

- PCS: 71.9 (30.1)

- MCS: 71.2 (22.5)

Rivara, 2014 [57], US

Trauma patients (parents & children), with only parent injured, only child injured, both injured or neither injured (N = 570); Medical Centre; Prospective cohort study

SF-36 (injured)

SF-12 (non-injured)

5 months

12 months (34%)

Parents injury affects child HRQL

Baseline HRQL:

PCS:

Both injured: 55.5 (9.4)

Child injured: 52.0 (8.2)

Parent injured: 54.8 (9.1)

Neither injured: 53.2 (8.5)

MCS:

Both injured: 55.3 (8.3)

Child injured: 51.6 (7.9)

Parent injured: 54.0 (9.0)

Neither injured: 49.9 (11.2)

Schneeberg, 2016 [58], British Columbia

Children (0-16y) who presented with primary injury at British Columbia Children’s Hospital (N = 582); Prospective cohort study

PedsQL 4.0

Generic Core

PedsQL infant scales

Pre-injury (+ at least 1 follow-up: 35%)

1 month (44%)

4–6 months (29%)

12 months (28%)

Greater impact on HRQL 1 month post injury, steeper slope to recovery: Older age, hospitalisation

Mean HRQL:

- Baseline: 90.7

- 1 month: 77.8

- 4 months: 90.3

- 12 months: 91.3

Soberg, 2012 [59], Norway

Patients 18-67y with an NISS ≥ 16 and at least 2 injuries classified in AIS (N = 105); University hospital; Prospective cohort study

SF-36

WHODAS II

6 weeks

1 year (99%)

2 years (94%)

5 years (80%)

PCS: Time points of measurement, time in hospital/rehabilitation, getting around, participation in society

MCS: time points of measurement, sex, education, WHODAS II cognitive function & participation in society

WHODAS-II scores:

Understanding/communicating:

- 6 weeks: 10.0 (0.0–30.0)

- 1 year: 10.0 (0.0–25.0)

- 2 years: 10 (0.0–25.0)

- 5 years: 10.0 (0.0–30.0)

Getting around:

- 6 weeks: 37.5 (12.5–62.5)

- 1 year: 12.5 (0.0–37.5)

- 2 years: 12.5 (0.0–37.5)

- 5 years: 12.5 (0.0–31.3)

Self-care:

- 6 weeks: 20.0 (0.0–30.0)

- 1 year: 0.0 (0.0–10.0)

- 2 years: 0.0 (0.0–10.0)

- 5 years: 0.0 (0.0–10.0)

Getting along with people:

- 6 weeks: 16.7 (8.3–35.4)

- 1 year: 16.7 (0.0–25.0)

- 2 years: 16.7 (8.3–33.3)

- 5 years: 20.8 (8.3–33.3)

Life activities:

- 6 weeks: 50.0 (35.0–80.0)

- 1 year: 30.0 (10.0–50.0)

- 2 years: 40.0 (0.0–50.0)

- 5 years: 20.0 (0.0, 50.0)

Participation in society:

- 6 weeks: 45.8 (37.5–58.3)

- 1 year: 25.0 (12.5–41.7)

- 2 years: 25.0 (8.3–41.7)

- 5 years: 18.8 (8.3–34.4)

Soberg, 2015 [60], Norway

Patients (18-67y) with severe multiple injuries (N = 105); Hospital; Prospective cohort study

SF-36

1 year

2 years

5 years

10 years (55.2%)

PCS: change in coping from 2 to 10 years

PCS and MCS: bodily pain at 2 years;

MCS: change in coping, vitality at 1 year, social functioning and mental health at 2 years

10 years:

- PCS: 41.8 (11.7)

- MCS: 48.8 (10.7)

Reduced PCS compared with adjusted general population; MCS not different from general population

Tamura, 2018 [61], Japan

All eligible consecutive trauma patients admitted to the intensive care unit of one tertiary care hospital (N = 187); Prospective cohort study

SF-36

6 months (84%)

12 months (69%)

Not identified

Median [IQR]:

- Discharge: PCS: 21 [10, 35]; MCS: 56 [48, 66]

- 6 months: PCS: 43 [33,51]; MCS: 52 [44, 61]

- 12 months: PCS: 44 [32, 53]; MCS: 53 [46, 59]

Role Social:

- Discharge: 21 [10, 38]

- 6 months: 39 [23, 52]

- 12 months: 45 [29, 53]

12 months post injury: 12% dependent on home care

Tøien, 2011 [62], Norway

Hospitalised trauma patients (18-75y) (N = 393); Trauma referral centre; Prospective cohort study

SF-36

3 months (77%)

12 months (64%)

All dimensions: optimism; Physical functioning: high depression score baseline, lower age, head injury; Mental functioning: high depression score baseline, higher age, being employed or studying before trauma; Bodily pain & vitality: high depression score baseline; General health: optimism, low PTSD at baseline, lower ISS

HRQL: differences men/women

3 months:

- Mental health: Men: 76.6; Women: 71.3

- Vitality: Men: 57.3; Women: 46.6

12 months:

- Vitality: Men: 56.8; Women: 50.0

Yiengprugsawan, 2014 [63], Thailand

Distance learning students 15-87y enrolled at Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University (N = 87,134); Prospective cohort study

MOS-SF-8

4 years (70%)

Injury exposure

HRQL injury yes/no:

PCS:

- 2005-no 2009-no: 50.2 [49.8–50.5]

- 2005-yes 2009-no: 47.4 [46.3–48.4]

- 2005-no 2009-yes: 49.2 [48.3–50.1]

- 2005-yes 2009-yes: 46.3 [44.6–48.1]

MCS:

- 2005-no 2009-no: 48.0 [47.6–48.4]

- 2005-yes 2009-no: 46.0 [44.8–47.2]

- 2005-no 2009-yes: 47.1 [46.0–48.2]

- 2005-yes 2009-yes: 44.9 [42.8–46.8]

Zarzaur, 2016 [64], US

Traumatically injured adult patients (≥18) (N = 500); Trauma centre; Prospective cohort study

SF-36

1 month (93%)

2 months (82%)

4 months (70%)

12 months (58%)

3 PCS trajectories, 5 MCS trajectories:

PCS: 1. Low baseline score, no improvement; 2. Declines 1 month after injury, then improves over time; 3.Sharp decline followed by rapid recovery; MCS 1. Low baseline, remain low; 2. Large decrease post-injury, no recovery over next 12 months; 3.initial decrease in MCS early, followed by continuous recovery; 4. Steady decline over study period; 5. Consistently high at all time points

Not identified

Zarzaur, 2017 [65], US

Traumatically injured patients (≥18y) (N = 225); Level 1 trauma centre; Prospective cohort study

SF-36

Baseline (preinjury)

1 month (94%)

2 months (83%)

4 months (69%)

12 months (64%)

PCS: individual income; MCS: high resiliency score; age; income

Different trajectories of recovery

- Either improvement of physical and/or mental health or decline