Table 1 Patient socio-demographic and medical characteristics by cardiac rhythm device type
Total sample (n = 72) | PM (n = 59) | ICD (n = 13) | Comparison: PM vs. ICD group p value† | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Female sex, n (%) | 28 (39) | 25 (42) | 3 (23) | .23 |
Age at assessment (years), mean (SD), range | 11.3 (4.6), 3.2–18.0 | 10.5 (4.4), 3.2–17.9 | 14.9 (3.2), 7.6–18.0 | <.001 |
Swiss nationality, n (%) | 59 (82) | 47 (80) | 12 (92) | .44 |
Socio-economic status, n (%) | .23 | |||
Lower class | 3 (4) | 3 (6) | 0 | |
Middle class | 49 (68) | 38 (64) | 11 (84) | |
Upper class | 17 (24) | 16 (27) | 1 (8) | |
Unknown | 3 (4) | 2 (3) | 1 (8) | |
Number of previous life events, mean (SD), range | 2.2 (1.9), 0–7 | 2.3 (2.0), 0–7 | 1.7 (1.3), 0–4 | .44 |
Age at initial device implant (years), mean (SD), range | 4.7 (4.4), 0–15.3 | 3.5 (3.5), 0–12.6 | 9.8 (4.0), 2.9–15.3 | <.001 |
Newborn (age ≤ 28 days), n (%) | 7 (10) | 7 (12) | 0 | |
Infant/toddler (29 days to 3 years), n (%) | 23 (32) | 22 (37) | 1 (8) | |
Preschool (3 to 6 years), n (%) | 18 (25) | 17 (29) | 1 (8) | |
School-age (6 to 13 years), n (%) | 21 (29) | 13 (22) | 8 (62) | |
Adolescent (age > 13 years), n (%) | 3 (4) | 0 | 3 (23) | |
Time since initial device implant (years), mean (SD), range | 6.7 (4.5), 0.4–17.9 | 7.1 (4.6), 0.4–17.9 | 5.1 (3.9), 0.5–12.7 | .23 |
Device system, n (%) | ||||
Single-chamber | 9 (13) | 4 (7) | 5 (39) | |
Dual-chamber | 63 (87) | 55 (93) | 8 (61) | .002 |
Location of electrode, n (%) | ||||
Epicardial | 69 (96) | 59 (100) | 10 (77) | |
Endocardial | 3 (4) | 0 | 3 (23) | NA |
Electrophysiological disease, n (%) | ||||
Postoperative heart block | 20 (28) | 20 (34) | ||
Congenital heart block | 25 (35) | 25 (42) | ||
Sinoatrial node disease | 14 (19) | 14 (24) | ||
Ventricular tachycardia or fibrillationa | 13 (18) | 13 (100) | NA | |
ICD indication, n (%) | ||||
Primary prevention | NA | NA | 7 (54) | |
Secondary prevention | NA | NA | 6 (46) | NA |
ICD Severity Index, mean (SD), range | NA | NA | 8.0 (3.8), 3–16 | NA |
Structural congenital heart disease, n (%) | ||||
Biventricular physiology | 34 (47) | 26 (44) | 8 (61) | |
Univentricular physiology | 6 (8) | 6 (10) | 0 | |
No structural congenital heart disease | 32 (45) | 27 (46) | 5 (39) | .34 |
Previous open heart surgery, n (%) | 33 (46) | 30 (51) | 3 (23) | .07 |
Number of device-related post-initial-implant surgeries, n (%) | ||||
None | 38 (53) | 33 (56) | 5 (39) | |
One | 21 (29) | 15 (25) | 6 (46) | |
More than one | 13 (18) | 11 (19) | 2 (15) | .25 |
Time since last device-related surgery (years), mean (SD), range | 3.5 (2.6), 0.3–12.7 | 3.9 (2.6), 0.3–12.7 | 1.8 (1.5), 0.3–5.4 | .004 |
Total length of cardiac hospitalization (days), mean (SD), range | 52.4 (32.5), 2–266 | 57.0 (62.4), 2–266 | 31.5 (33.0), 3–133 | .26 |
Current cardiac medication | ||||
Antiarrhythmic, n (%) | 17 (24) | 7 (12) | 10 (77) | <.001 |
Heart failure, n (%) | 6 (8) | 5 (9) | 1 (8) | .93 |
Other non-cardiac chronic disease, n (%) | 13 (18) | 9 (15) | 4 (31) | .19 |