Table 4 Simulation Performance Measures for Complete Case Analysis (CCA), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Multiple Imputation (MI)

MCAR

β ₀

Bias

5.57

6.90

7.53

2.03

1.09

3.97

−0.19

1.51

6.23

RMSE

1.89

1.83

1.84

2.14

1.96

1.97

2.68

2.19

2.23

CI Width

8.28

8.09

8.12

9.06

8.48

8.56

11.14

9.31

9.50

β _T

Bias

−2.91

−3.29

−11.63

−3.47

−1.79

−20.61

− 1.90

−2.21

− 39.96

RMSE

0.47

0.47

0.45

0.54

0.52

0.49

0.68

0.60

0.53

CI Width

2.18

2.15

2.15

2.38

2.29

2.31

2.92

2.62

2.64

β _TS

Bias

3.21

3.27

15.30

3.30

0.89

29.48

−4.47

−2.62

60.89

RMSE

0.59

0.59

0.55

0.68

0.66

0.56

0.86

0.76

0.58

CI Width

2.85

2.81

2.81

3.12

3.00

3.00

3.81

3.43

3.32

MAR

β ₀

Bias

14.08

6.19

7.17

11.42

0.56

2.01

−13.98

−9.28

−6.69

RMSE

1.87

1.81

1.81

2.08

1.91

1.92

2.59

2.12

2.16

CI Width

8.21

8.05

8.08

8.89

8.39

8.47

10.67

9.12

9.24

β _T

Bias

20.71

14.92

9.90

42.60

32.55

21.65

86.01

64.71

43.61

RMSE

0.47

0.46

0.44

0.56

0.52

0.47

0.81

0.66

0.52

CI Width

2.14

2.12

2.13

2.30

2.23

2.25

2.72

2.51

2.56

β _TS

Bias

11.25

10.53

21.15

21.13

18.10

45.06

10.25

3.52

64.01

RMSE

0.60

0.59

0.56

0.69

0.66

0.59

0.85

0.75

0.59

CI Width

2.83

2.80

2.81

3.09

2.98

2.98

3.79

3.41

3.31

MNAR

β ₀

Bias

−52.67

−41.61

−39.78

− 111.56

− 82.51

−80.01

− 171.53

− 105.67

− 102.79

RMSE

2.05

1.89

1.89

3.08

2.45

2.43

5.23

3.16

3.17

CI Width

8.13

7.95

7.97

8.79

8.27

8.34

10.70

9.16

9.35

β _T

Bias

−1.46

7.61

−2.71

−25.40

−9.78

−36.13

−73.72

−47.93

− 110.44

RMSE

0.47

0.47

0.45

0.57

0.53

0.51

0.87

0.69

0.76

CI Width

2.19

2.15

2.17

2.42

2.32

2.34

3.04

2.70

2.73

β _TS

Bias

−17.53

−18.53

−5.93

−32.42

−34.40

−3.92

−45.61

−45.24

17.64

RMSE

0.59

0.59

0.54

0.72

0.69

0.54

0.99

0.88

0.53

CI Width

2.85

2.81

2.82

3.13

3.01

3.02

3.90

3.50

3.41