Table 3 Associations of strabismus with health-related quality of life scores. Data from the KiGGS Study 2003–2006

Total scale

−1.88 [−2.77; − 0.99];

− 0.95 [− 1.78; − 0.11];

− 1.67 [−3.03; − 0.31];

−1.30 [− 2.65; 0.06];

Physical well-being

− 2.21 [− 3.81; − 0.60];

−0.70 [− 2.40; 1.01];

−0.50 [− 2.70; 1.69];

0.30 [− 1.89; 2.50];

Emotional well-being

−1.46 [− 2.64; − 0.27];

−0.77 [− 1.95; 0.41];

−0.80 [− 2.49; 0.88];

−0.74 [− 2.42; 0.95];

Self-esteem

−2.10 [− 3.48; − 0.71];

− 1.25 [− 2.72; 0.22];

−1.22 [− 3.65; 1.20];

−0.42 [− 2.85; 2.02];

Family

− 1.02 [− 2.18; 0.13];

− 0.32 [− 1.51; 0.87];

− 2.34 [− 4.38; − 0.30];

− 1.77 [− 3.94; 0.41];

Friends

−2.99 [− 4.41; − 1.57];

−2.16 [− 3.53; − 0.78];

3.24 [− 5.25; − 1.23];

−3.07 [− 5.10; − 1.03];

School

− 1.60 [− 3.33; 0.12];

− 0.36 [− 1.93; 1.22];

− 1.43 [− 4.04; 1.19];

−1.74 [− 4.27; 0.79];