Assessing the quality of life among Pakistani general population and their associated factors by using the World Health Organization’s quality of life instrument (WHOQOL-BREF): a population based cross-sectional study

Lodhi, Fahad Saqib; Montazeri, Ali; Nedjat, Saharnaz; Mahmoodi, Mahmoud; Farooq, Umer; Yaseri, Mehdi; Kasaeian, Amir; Holakouie-Naieni, Kourosh

doi:10.1186/s12955-018-1065-x

Table 6 Final model after Multiple linear regression analysis for physical, psychological, social and environmental health domains of QOL BREF in Abbottabad, Pakistan

From: Assessing the quality of life among Pakistani general population and their associated factors by using the World Health Organization’s quality of life instrument (WHOQOL-BREF): a population based cross-sectional study

	Physical Domain				Psychological Domain				Relationship Domain				Environmental Domain
	Fixed – effect parameters
Variable	β	P value	95% CI		β	P value	95% CI		β	P value	95% CI		β	P value	95% CI
Variable	β	P value	LL	UL	β	P value	LL	UL	β	P value	LL	UL	β	P value	LL	UL
Type of Residence
Urban	R				R				R				R
Rural	−3.19	0.017	−5.81	−0.57	−2.70	0.036	−5.23	−0.18	–	–	–	–	−5.34	0.002	−8.66	−2.02
Sex
Male	R				R				R				R
Female	−3.24	<0.001	−4.59	−1.88	−3.25	<0.001	−4.48	−2.01	−1.61	0.024	−3.01	−0.21	–	–	–	–
Age (decade)	−0.24	<0.001	−0.29	− 0.19	− 0.123	<0.001	− 0.17	−0.07	− 0.07	0.018	− 0.12	−0.01	–	–	–	–
Disease
Physical disability	−9.27	<0.001	−14.4	−4.11	−6.55	0.010	−11.5	− 1.55	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Hypertension	−4.42	<0.001	−7.11	−1.73	−2.56	0.054	−5.17	0.05	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Diabetes	−10.5	<0.001	−14.4	−6.64	−5.78	0.003	−9.53	−2.03	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Other	−4.61	<0.001	−6.37	−2.86	−3.59	<0.001	−5.29	−1.88	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
None	R				R				R				R
Socioeconomic status
High	R				R				R				R
Average	−2.13	0.006	−3.66	−0.60	−2.99	<0.001	−4.47	−1.51	− 2.24	0.009	− 3.92	− 0.55	− 4.31	<0.001	−5.69	− 2.92
Low	−5.85	<0.001	−7.50	− 4.20	−9.03	<0.001	−10.63	−7.44	−8.33	<0.001	− 10.1	−6.54	− 9.98	<0.001	−11.5	−8.47
Social capital	0.09	<0.001	0.06	0.18	0.13	<0.001	0.09	0.17	0.14	<0.001	0.09	0.18	0.15	<0.001	0.11	0.19
	Random – effect parameters
	Est	SE	95% CI		Est	SE	95% CI		Est	SE	95% CI		Est	SE	95% CI
	Est	SE	LL	UL	Est	SE	LL	UL	Est	SE	LL	UL	Est	SE	LL	UL
	Level 1: Union council
Sex (sd)	0.20	1.27	1.1e⁻⁶	3.9e⁴	0.97	0.69	0.24	3.95	0.97	0.76	0.21	4.53	1.81	0.66	0.89	3.71
Age (sd)	0.03	0.04	0.004	0.27	0.03	0.03	0.004	0.26	0.03	0.04	0.003	0.36	0.07	0.02	0.04	0.14
Social Capital (sd)	0.05	0.02	0.02	0.09	0.06	0.01	0.04	0.09	0.02	0.03	0.003	0.24	0.07	0.02	0.04	0.12
Constant (sd)	2.27	1.27	0.76	6.80	0.004	0.01	1.4e⁻⁵	0.90	8.7e⁻⁷	3.1e⁻⁶	8.9e⁻¹⁰	8.5e⁻⁴	2.38	1.84	0.52	10.86
	Level 2: Cluster number
Constant (sd)	3.63	0.51	2.76	4.79	3.95	0.49	3.09	5.05	5.39	0.54	4.42	6.56	5.03	0.48	4.16	6.08
Residual (sd)	13.2	0.22	12.77	13.63	12.74	0.21	12.33	13.16	14.65	0.24	14.19	15.14	11.81	0.20	11.42	12.21

^aβ,. Beta coefficient
CI confidence interval;
The Linear regression final model adjusted type of family, residence ownership, marital status, education and employment status in physical domain and Psychological domain. Type of family, Type of residence, residence ownership, marital status, education, employment status and disease for Social domain. Type of family, residence ownership, marital status, Age, sex, education, employment status, disease in Environmental domain. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant
The short dashes mean that the variable was removed by the stepwise deletion process in regression analysis

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ISSN: 1477-7525

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