Assessing the quality of life among Pakistani general population and their associated factors by using the World Health Organization’s quality of life instrument (WHOQOL-BREF): a population based cross-sectional study

Lodhi, Fahad Saqib; Montazeri, Ali; Nedjat, Saharnaz; Mahmoodi, Mahmoud; Farooq, Umer; Yaseri, Mehdi; Kasaeian, Amir; Holakouie-Naieni, Kourosh

doi:10.1186/s12955-018-1065-x

Table 5 Univariate and Multilevel Linear Regression showing association between socio demographic variables with Environmental domain of QOL BREF in Abbottabad, Pakistan

From: Assessing the quality of life among Pakistani general population and their associated factors by using the World Health Organization’s quality of life instrument (WHOQOL-BREF): a population based cross-sectional study

Variable	Univariate analysis				Adjusted analysis
	Beta coefficient	95% CI		p - value	Beta coefficient	95% CI		p - value
	Beta coefficient	LL	UL	p - value	Beta coefficient	LL	UL	p - value
Fixed – effect parameters
Type of family
Joint	R^a				R			0.073
Nuclear	− 2.21	−3.49	−.94	<0.001	−.99	− 2.09	0.093	0.073
Type of Residence
Urban	R				R			0.002
Rural	−6.27	−7.64	−4.89	<0.001	−5.28	−8.63	−1.94	0.002
Sex
Male	R				R			0.891
Female	−1.13	−2.44	.167	0.087	.09	−1.25	1.44	0.891
Residence Ownership
Owner	R				R			0.242
Not owner	.10	−2.06	2.27	0.924	−1.20	−3.21	.811	0.242
Age (decade)	−0.1	−0.60	0.35	0.588	0.340	−0.22	0.91	0.239
Marital Status
Married	R				R			<0.001
Widow	−9.40	−13.18	−5.62	<0.001	−7.04	− 10.37	−3.72
Divorced	4.34	−7.40	16.10	0.468	4.33	−5.40	14.08
Separated	−1.08	−11.96	9.80	0.845	−2.51	−11.54	6.51
Never married	1.05	−.64	2.75	0.223	1.37	−.28	3.01
Education
No Education	−5.02	−7.66	−2.39	<0.001	−.75	−3.29	1.79	0.065
Madressa	1.86	−2.89	6.62	0.443	4.26	.10	8.42
Can read / write	−2.44	−5.32	.43	0.096	.96	−1.68	3.59
Primary	−0.06	−2.44	2.31	0.957	1.29	−0.87	3.44
Secondary	0.28	−2.09	2.66	0.812	1.24	−0.84	3.33
Tertiary	R				R
Disease
Physical disability	−3.02	−8.56	2.52	0.285	−1.96	−6.61	2.69	0.114
Hypertension	−1.97	−4.49	.561	0.127	−2.48	−4.99	.030
Diabetes	−3.90	−7.82	.009	0.050	−3.80	−7.32	−.288
Other	−2.20	−3.56	−.85	0.001	−1.61	−3.35	.12
None	R				R
Employment status
Working	R				R			0.201
Not Working	−1.28	−2.61	.03	0.056	−.55	−1.88	.79
Retired	1.55	−1.61	4.71	0.336	2.01	−.690	4.71
Socioeconomic status
High	R				R			<0.001
Average	−4.46	−5.95	−2.99	<0.001	−4.05	−5.46	−2.65
Low	−11.58	−13.06	−10.09	<0.001	−9.20	− 10.79	−7.62
Social capital	0.17	0.12	0.21	<0.001	.14	.10	.18	<0.001
Random – effect parameters
					Estimate	Std. Err	95% confidence interval
					Estimate	Std. Err	LL	UL
Level 1: Union council
Sex	–				1.67	0.69	0.74	3.73
Age	–				0.07	0.03	0.03	0.14
Social Capital	–				0.07	0.01	0.04	0.12
Constant	–				2.81	1.66	0.88	8.96
Level 2: Cluster number
Constant	–				4.90	0.48	4.04	5.94
Residual	–				11.68	0.19	11.29	12.08

^a R ., reference
CI confidence interval;
Adjusted analysis performed with all variables entered simultaneously into the model
Multiple linear regression was used for analysis and p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant

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