Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study subjects
All patients(n = 292) | No Vitamin D deficiency (n = 192) | Vitamin D deficiency (n = 100) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 18.4 [13.1;25.0] | 22.7 [18.7;28.0] | 11.1 [9.18;13.2] | |
Gender (female) | 148 (50.7%) | 101 (52.6%) | 47 (47%) | 0.432 |
Age, years | 60.0 [51.8; 68.0] | 60.0 [50.8; 68.0] | 59.5 [52.8; 67.0] | 0.683 |
Retinopathy | 145 (49.7%) | 88 (45.8%) | 57 (57.0%) | 0.091 |
Education | 0.672 | |||
Not even primary | 38 (13.0%) | 22 (11.5%) | 16 (16.0%) | |
Complete primary | 165 (56.5%) | 111 (57.8%) | 54 (54.0%) | |
Complete secondary | 68 (23.3%) | 44 (22.9%) | 24 (24.0%) | |
Graduate or higher | 21 (7.19%) | 15 (7.81%) | 6 (6.0%) | |
Caucasian | 281 (96.2%) | 189 (98.4%) | 92 (92.0%) | 0.009 |
Smoking (Current/Former/Never) | 60/93/137 | 39/62/89 | 21/31/48 | 0.961 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 8 [4.0; 15.0] | 8 [4.0; 14.0] | 10 [5.0; 15.0] | 0.322 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 59.6 [51.4; 69.4] | 56.8 [48.9; 66.1] | 61.7 [51.9; 70.5] | 0.049 |
Hypertension | 165 (56.5%) | 108 (56.2%) | 57 (57.0%) | 1.000 |
Dyslipidaemia | 128 (43.8%) | 88 (45.8%) | 40 (40.0%) | 0.407 |
Antiplatelet agents | 114 (38.7%) | 70 (36.5%) | 43 (43.0%) | 0.336 |
Psychotropic drugs | 81 (27.7%) | 50 (26.0%) | 31 (31.0%) | 0.447 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.79 [0.68; 0.93] | 0.80 [0.69; 0.92] | 0.78 [0.66; 0.94] | 0.561 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 139 (18.7) | 138 (18.3) | 142 (19.1) | 0.086 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.7 (10.7) | 76.8 (10.6) | 76.5 (11.0) | 0.808 |
Waist (cm) | 106 (11.8) | 105 (11.0) | 107 (13.1) | 0.162 |
Diabetes treatment | 0.489 | |||
Oral antidiabetic agents | 158 (54.1%) | 106 (55.2%) | 52 (52.0%) | |
Oral antidiabetic agents + Insulin | 74 (25.3%) | 45 (23.4%) | 29 (29.0%) | |
Insulin | 22 (7.53%) | 13 (6.77%) | 9 (9.0%) | |
Diet | 38 (13.0%) | 28 (14.6%) | 10 (10.0%) | |
Physical activity (> 25 min/day) | 113 (38.7%) | 68 (35.4%) | 45 (45.0%) | 0.142 |
Present quality of life | 0.69 (1.15) | 0.79 (1.09) | 0.50 (1.24) | 0.044 |
Diabetes-specific quality of life | −1.0 [−2.0; 0.0] | 0.0 [−1.0; 0.0] | −1.0 [−2.0; 0.0] | 0.001 |
Average weighted impact: ADDQoL score | 0.58 [−1.23; −0.17] | −0.53 [− 1.08; − 0.17] | 0.74 [− 1.59; − 0.18] | 0.091 |
Perceived hyperglycaemia frequency | 3.0 [1.0; 5.0] | 3.0 [1.0; 5.0] | 4.0 [1.0; 5.0] | 0.257 |
Perceived hypoglycaemia frequency | 0.0 [0.0; 2.0] | 0.0 [0.0; 2.0] | 0.0 [0.0; 2.0] | 0.850 |
Final DTSQ score | 27.0 [23.0; 30.0] | 28.0 [23.0; 31.0] | 25.0 [21.0; 28.2] | 0.001 |