Fig. 1

RAS-R five-factor model supplied with the standardised regression weights for each item and factor correlations. Observed variables are displayed as rectangles connected to latent factors visualised as ellipses that represent the constructs. The direction of the straight arrows indicate that observed variables should be explained by their corresponding latent factors. The two-headed curved arrows between the constructs show that they are correlated. The small circles represent measurement errors unique to each observed variable that do not contribute to explaining any variance on factor level PCH Personal confidence and hope (RAS 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21), WAH Willingness to ask for help (RAS18, 19, 20), GSO Goal and success orientation (RAS 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), RO Reliance on others (RAS 6, 22, 23, 24) and NDS Not dominated by symptoms (RAS 15, 16, 17)