The factors that influence oral health-related quality of life in 15-year-old children

Sun, Ling; Wong, Hai Ming; McGrath, Colman P. J.

doi:10.1186/s12955-018-0847-5

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

Table 3 Ordinal regression of associations between the factors and the CPQ_11–14

From: The factors that influence oral health-related quality of life in 15-year-old children

	OS		FL		EWB		SWB		CPQ_11–14
	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P
Sociodemographic status
Gender
F^a
M	1.43 (0.97, 2.10)	0.069	0.76 (0.52, 1.12)	0.172	0.46 (0.31, 0.67)	0.000**	0.59 (0.40, 0.87)	0.008**	0.61 (0.41, 0.89)	0.011*
Father’s education
Primary school graduate or below^a
Secondary school graduate or below	1.01 (0.56, 1.82)	0.963	0.85 (0.47, 1.52)	0.582	0.89 (0.50, 1.60)	0.694	0.81 (0.45, 1.45)	0.477	0.70 (0.39, 1.26)	0.234
College graduate or above	0.75 (0.35, 1.64)	0.476	0.57 (0.26, 1.25)	0.161	0.97 (0.45, 2.11)	0.940	0.58 (0.26, 1.27)	0.170	0.52 (0.24, 1.14)	0.101
Mother’s education
Primary school graduate or below^a
Secondary school graduate or below	0.64 (0.36, 1.15)	0.137	0.86 (0.48, 1.54)	0.610	0.88 (0.49, 1.58)	0.666	0.88 (0.49, 1.58)	0.666	0.90 (0.50, 1.61)	0.723
College graduate or above	1.46 (0.60, 3.55)	0.407	1.10 (0.45, 2.69)	0.836	0.91 (0.37, 2.22)	0.833	1.35 (0.55, 3.31)	0.510	1.41 (0.58, 3.42)	0.451
Household income
Below HK$10,000^a
HK$10,001-HK$20,000	0.65 (0.36, 1.17)	0.151	1.03 (0.57, 1.84)	0.934	1.14 (0.64, 2.05)	0.659	1.28 (0.71, 2.31)	0.403	0.95 (0.53, 1.69)	0.855
HK$20,001-HK$30,000	0.66 (0.33, 1.32)	0.241	1.06 (0.53, 2.12)	0.878	1.04 (0.52, 2.09)	0.906	1.29 (0.64, 2.60)	0.474	1.06 (0.53, 2.11)	0.879
HK$30,001-HK$40,000	1.34 (0.62, 2.88)	0.463	2.37 (1.09, 5.16)	0.030*	0.93 (0.43, 2.03)	0.861	1.10 (0.50, 2.39)	0.818	1.30 (0.60, 2.81)	0.501
Over HK$40,001	0.61 (0.29, 1.31)	0.204	1.75 (0.82, 3.76)	0.150	1.04 (0.49, 2.23)	0.921	1.37 (0.64, 2.94)	0.421	1.12 (0.53, 2.39)	0.763
Periodontal and caries status
Periodontal status
CPI score < 2^a
CPI score = 2	1.34 (0.80, 2.24)	0.261	1.26 (0.76, 2.11)	0.372	1.48 (0.89, 2.48)	0.132	1.76 (1.05, 2.96)	0.033*	1.71 (1.03, 2.85)	0.038*
Caries experience
< SiC Index value^a
> =SiC Index value	1.05 (0.60, 1.85)	0.864	0.63 (0.35, 1.12)	0.112	0.79 (0.45, 1.40)	0.425	1.17 (0.66, 2.06)	0.585	0.95 (0.54, 1.66)	0.850
Malocclusion
IOTN (DHC) treatment need
No need^a
Borderline need	0.60 (0.37, 0.99)	0.047*	1.28 (0.78, 2.09)	0.327	1.04 (0.63, 1.70)	0.888	1.45 (0.88, 2.37)	0.142	0.97 (0.60, 1.58)	0.905
Definite need	1.03 (0.66, 1.63)	0.887	1.31 (0.83, 2.06)	0.250	1.07 (0.68, 1.68)	0.778	1.15 (0.73, 1.81)	0.556	1.08 (0.69, 1.69)	0.744
IOTN (AC) treatment need
No need^a
Borderline need	1.60 (0.92, 2.78)	0.096	1.00 (0.57, 1.73)	0.987	1.45 (0.84, 2.53)	0.186	1.31 (0.76, 2.29)	0.333	1.32 (0.76, 2.29)	0.321
Definite need	1.66 (0.77, 3.56)	0.197	1.88 (0.87, 4.06)	0.107	1.44 (0.67, 3.11)	0.348	0.98 (0.45, 2.11)	0.955	1.34 (0.62, 2.88)	0.452
DAI severity and treatment need
Normal or minor malocclusion-no treatment need or slight need^a
Definite malocclusion-treatment selective	1.28 (0.82, 2.01)	0.281	1.40 (0.89, 2.21)	0.141	1.29 (0.82, 2.03)	0.265	1.54 (0.98, 2.43)	0.060	1.34 (0.86, 2.10)	0.199
Severe malocclusion-treatment highly desirable	0.82 (0.48, 1.40)	0.462	1.05 (0.61, 1.80)	0.859	0.87 (0.51, 1.50)	0.623	0.68 (0.39, 1.17)	0.162	0.76 (0.45, 1.30)	0.316
Very severe (handicapping) malocclusion-treatment mandatory	1.62 (0.83, 3.19)	0.159	1.93 (0.98, 3.79)	0.057	1.85 (0.94, 3.63)	0.076	1.47 (0.75, 2.89)	0.263	2.10 (1.06, 4.13)	0.032*
ICON treatment need
No^a
Yes	1.23 (0.82, 1.83)	0.318	1.40 (0.94, 2.09)	0.101	1.22 (0.82, 1.82)	0.329	1.10 (0.74, 1.65)	0.639	1.21 (0.81, 1.81)	0.343
ICON complexity
Easy^a
Mild	0.77 (0.50, 1.20)	0.249	1.63 (1.04, 2.54)	0.033*	1.44 (0.92, 2.25)	0.106	1.71 (1.09, 2.67)	0.020*	1.52 (0.97, 2.36)	0.065
Moderate	1.32 (0.65, 2.69)	0.443	1.38 (0.68, 2.82)	0.375	1.42 (0.70, 2.91)	0.333	1.38 (0.67, 2.82)	0.382	1.54 (0.76, 3.13)	0.232
Difficult	1.59 (0.67, 3.78)	0.294	2.08 (0.87, 4.96)	0.101	2.61 (1.09, 6.27)	0.031*	1.56 (0.65, 3.73)	0.315	2.16 (0.91, 5.13)	0.082
Very difficult	1.35 (0.54, 3.39)	0.523	2.71 (1.07, 6.86)	0.035*	2.00 (0.79, 5.05)	0.141	1.94 (0.77, 4.90)	0.160	1.90 (0.76, 4.77)	0.172
PAR score range
Almost ideal or Acceptable occlusion ^a
Malocclusion	1.15 (0.79, 1.69)	0.457	1.55 (1.06, 2.28)	0.023*	1.38 (0.94, 2.01)	0.099	1.41 (0.96, 2.06)	0.078	1.35 (0.92, 1.97)	0.121

Statistical method: Ordinal regression (link function: logit; model: main effects), each orthodontic index adopted one separate ordinal regression; dependent variable: CPQ scores classified into four groups with cut-off points as quartile (1: scores < = first quartile; 2: first quartile < scores < = second quartile; 3: second quartile < scores < = third quartile; 4: scores > third quartile); ^a: reference group; *: P < 0.05. **: P < 0.01
N: sample size; adjusted OR: malocclusions adjusted for gender, father’s education level (primary school graduate or below; secondary school, post-secondary or above), mother’s education level (levels set as father’s education), household income (Below HK$10000, HK$10001-HK$20000, HK$20001-HK$30000, HK$30001-HK$40000, HK$40001 or above), caries experience (DMFT < SiC Index value, DMFT > = SiC Index value), and periodontal status (CPI score < 2, CPI score = 2); gender, socioeconomic status, periodontal and caries status adjusted for the previous variables and malocclusion measured by PAR (almost ideal occlusion, acceptable occlusion, malocclusion)
IOTN index of orthodontic treatment need, DHC dental health component, AC aesthetic component, ICON index of complexity, outcome and need, PAR peer assessment rating; CPI community periodontal index, DMFT decayed, missing and filled teeth, SiC Index significant caries index, OS oral symptoms domain, FL functional limitations domain, EWB emotional well-being domain, SWB social well-being domain, CPQ child perceptions questionnaire, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval

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ISSN: 1477-7525

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