Fig. 1

Path diagram of the relationships among OAB severity, bother, help-seeking behavior, and QOL. Path coefficients with standard errors in parentheses are shown along the path arrows. The path analysis was adjusted for age, sex, years of education, marital status, living area, income, body mass index, urinary tract infection history, Charlson Comorbidity Index, duration of diabetes, and diabetes treatment (insulin or anti-diabetic medication)

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.