Fig. 1

The latent construct, Patient Expectation, is connected via arrows to four indicator variables that comprise the latent construct. These indicator variables are the individual items of the expectation measure (i.e., One-year pain, One-year function, Surgical success and Surgical Complication expectations). Each arrow also is labeled with a coefficient that describes the strength of association between the latent construct of Patient Expectation and the observed variable. The One-year pain and One-year function variables are connected via arrows from a Method factor