The Onset of ADL Difficulties and Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life

Lyu, Wei; Wolinsky, Fredric D.

doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0792-8

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

Table 7 Full Results for Marginal Effects of On-set ADLs on Mental Unhealthy Days by using Zero-inflated Negative Binomial Regression

From: The Onset of ADL Difficulties and Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life

	Each ADL						ADL Counts
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
	MENUD	MENUD	MENUD	MENUD	MENUD	MENUD	MENUD
N	473282	473282	473282	473282	473282	473282	473282
Physically Unhealthy Days (PHYUD)_Baseline
Mentally Unhealthy Days (MENUD)_Baseline	0.933***	0.935***	0.961***	0.942***	0.958***	0.946***	0.883***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Male	-0.153***	-0.183***	-0.138***	-0.173***	-0.180***	-0.164***	-0.207***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Race Category
White	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Black	0.212***	0.217***	0.241***	0.275***	0.300***	0.229***	0.270***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.05)
Other	-0.0592	-0.0596	-0.0903	-0.0322	-0.0778	-0.0920	-0.0477
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
Asian	-0.0604	-0.0703	-0.0775	-0.0405	-0.0598	-0.107	-0.0664
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
Hispanic	0.304***	0.282***	0.314***	0.285***	0.302***	0.306***	0.261***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
American Native	0.517*	0.490*	0.476*	0.461*	0.437*	0.531*	0.420*
	(0.21)	(0.20)	(0.20)	(0.20)	(0.20)	(0.21)	(0.20)
Unknown	-0.388	-0.389	-0.402*	-0.365	-0.291	-0.398*	-0.329
	(0.21)	(0.20)	(0.20)	(0.21)	(0.22)	(0.20)	(0.21)
Education Category
<High School	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
High School or GED	-0.389***	-0.401***	-0.422***	-0.425***	-0.397***	-0.415***	-0.362***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Some College or 2 year degree	-0.498***	-0.521***	-0.541***	-0.544***	-0.503***	-0.539***	-0.473***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.04)
Four Year College Degree or More	-0.662***	-0.684***	-0.707***	-0.707***	-0.656***	-0.704***	-0.624***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Missing	-0.300**	-0.328**	-0.382***	-0.362**	-0.352**	-0.366**	-0.327**
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.12)
Income Category
<$10,000	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
$10,000-$19,999	-0.119**	-0.129**	-0.136***	-0.153***	-0.133**	-0.134***	-0.0966*
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
20000-29999	-0.247***	-0.267***	-0.277***	-0.278***	-0.271***	-0.275***	-0.221***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
30000-49999	-0.385***	-0.410***	-0.427***	-0.421***	-0.394***	-0.431***	-0.339***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
>50000	-0.573***	-0.599***	-0.623***	-0.592***	-0.557***	-0.617***	-0.503***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Don't Know	-0.134**	-0.144**	-0.139**	-0.130*	-0.120*	-0.153**	-0.0978
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Missing	-0.393***	-0.408***	-0.418***	-0.418***	-0.408***	-0.428***	-0.352***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Marital Status
Married	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Divorced	-0.0646*	-0.0536	-0.0999**	-0.0752*	-0.0650*	-0.0873**	-0.0324
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Separated	0.0976	0.0729	0.0349	0.0719	0.106	0.0597	0.135
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.10)
Widowed	-0.290***	-0.253***	-0.258***	-0.282***	-0.305***	-0.264***	-0.304***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Never Married	-0.0505	-0.0214	-0.0682	-0.0512	-0.0464	-0.0659	-0.0139
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Missing	-0.241*	-0.214	-0.245*	-0.273*	-0.245*	-0.212	-0.233*
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)
Medical History
Hypertension	0.00915	0.0158	0.0108	-0.00132	-0.0373	0.0117	-0.0229
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Angina/Coronary Artery Disease	0.141***	0.139***	0.135***	0.141***	0.102**	0.158***	0.119***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Congestive Heart Failure	0.177***	0.199***	0.216***	0.189***	0.144**	0.191***	0.121**
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Myocardial Infarction Question	0.00527	0.0201	0.0329	0.00670	0.00122	0.0206	-0.0132
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Other Heart Conditions Question	0.0508*	0.0544*	0.0578*	0.0280	0.0167	0.0543*	0.0180
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Stroke	0.238***	0.255***	0.282***	0.237***	0.207***	0.271***	0.165***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
COPD	0.197***	0.219***	0.229***	0.222***	0.162***	0.233***	0.169***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	0.258***	0.244***	0.237***	0.244***	0.230***	0.236***	0.235***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Arthritis of Hip/Knee	0.0525*	0.0546*	0.0852***	-0.0154	-0.0522*	0.0592*	-0.0550*
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Arthritis of Hand/Wrist	0.178***	0.176***	0.172***	0.165***	0.169***	0.179***	0.159***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Osteoporosis	0.0873**	0.0909**	0.105***	0.0839**	0.0783**	0.0917***	0.0750**
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Sciatica	0.173***	0.175***	0.178***	0.151***	0.129***	0.171***	0.136***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Diabetes	0.126***	0.138***	0.145***	0.115***	0.104***	0.141***	0.0906***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Any Cancer	-0.0167	-0.0169	-0.0176	-0.0149	-0.0278	-0.0128	-0.0367
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Hypertension_Missing	-0.131	-0.129	-0.119	-0.0964	-0.0786	-0.0997	-0.134
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Angina/Coronary Artery Disease_Missing	0.0740	0.0904	0.0896	0.0978	0.120	0.0961	0.109
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.10)
Congestive Heart Failure_Missing	-0.0295	-0.0409	-0.0567	-0.00152	-0.0670	-0.0397	-0.0420
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.12)
Myocardial Infarction Question_Missing	-0.0127	-0.0347	0.00136	-0.0153	-0.0110	-0.0144	-0.0472
	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.12)
Other Heart Conditions Question_Missing	-0.111	-0.108	-0.103	-0.132	-0.130	-0.115	-0.121
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.12)
Stroke_Missing	0.210	0.216	0.262*	0.271*	0.258*	0.264*	0.251*
	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)
COPD_Missing	0.0489	0.0521	0.00631	0.0364	0.0394	0.0397	0.0502
	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease_Missing	0.0409	0.0125	0.00563	0.00744	-0.00791	-0.00266	0.0163
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.10)
Arthritis of Hip/Knee_Missing	0.224*	0.199	0.219*	0.142	0.109	0.226*	0.128
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)
Arthritis of Hand/Wrist_Missing	0.0148	0.0505	0.0181	0.0205	0.0407	0.0622	0.0193
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)
Osteoporosis_Missing	0.0810	0.0730	0.0755	0.0615	0.0386	0.0641	0.0506
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.11)
Sciatica_Missing	0.203*	0.206*	0.235*	0.221*	0.221*	0.213*	0.208*
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)
Diabetes_Missing	0.0563	0.0292	0.0821	0.0456	0.0476	0.0609	0.0407
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Any Cancer_Missing	-0.00607	-0.00263	-0.0347	-0.00965	0.0326	-0.0129	-0.00368
	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)
Housing Category
Owned or being bought by you	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Owned or being bought by someone in your family	0.188***	0.211***	0.230***	0.220***	0.190***	0.226***	0.159***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Rented for money	0.174***	0.188***	0.201***	0.180***	0.156***	0.187***	0.141***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Live without payment of rent	0.0783	0.0956	0.118	0.0861	0.0896	0.112	0.0585
	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)
None of the above	0.263***	0.263***	0.271***	0.274***	0.247***	0.238***	0.234***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Missing	0.203*	0.203*	0.231**	0.212*	0.202*	0.199*	0.190*
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)
BMI Category
Underweight ( < 20)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Normal (20-24)	-0.125*	-0.148**	-0.141**	-0.184***	-0.162**	-0.174***	-0.112*
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Overweight (25-29)	-0.196***	-0.229***	-0.220***	-0.292***	-0.272***	-0.263***	-0.202***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Obese (30-34)	-0.178***	-0.210***	-0.183***	-0.311***	-0.309***	-0.242***	-0.236***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Morbid Obesity (>=35)	-0.219***	-0.248***	-0.187**	-0.364***	-0.399***	-0.265***	-0.321***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Missing	-0.0374	-0.0587	-0.0290	-0.128	-0.124	-0.103	-0.0830
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)
Current Smoker	0.289***	0.304***	0.287***	0.316***	0.260***	0.309***	0.275***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Current Smoker_Missing	-0.0913	-0.0803	-0.0980	-0.0649	-0.0640	-0.0752	-0.0653
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Bone Density Test for Osteoporosis	-0.0854**	-0.0979***	-0.0981***	-0.0960***	-0.0904**	-0.107***	-0.0699*
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Bone Density Test for Osteoporosis_Missing	0.188*	0.163	0.196*	0.186*	0.199*	0.193*	0.178*
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)
Urine Leakage	0.187***	0.186***	0.197***	0.150***	0.148***	0.178***	0.133***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Urine Leakage_Missing	0.361***	0.349***	0.359***	0.334***	0.330***	0.342***	0.317***
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)
Talked with Doctor About Physical Activities	-0.134***	-0.143***	-0.156***	-0.143***	-0.134***	-0.145***	-0.122***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Talked with Doctor About Physical Activities_Missing	0.0674	0.0697	0.0695	0.0615	0.0617	0.0799	0.0702
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)
ADL Items
Bathing	2.995***
	(0.03)
Dressing		3.193***
		(0.04)
Eating			3.538***
			(0.05)
Getting In/Out of Chairs				2.256***
				(0.03)
Walking					2.072***
					(0.02)
Using the Toilet						3.274***
						(0.04)
ADL Scale
0							0
							(.)
1							1.391***
							(0.04)
2							2.558***
							(0.06)
3							4.352***
							(0.12)
4							6.358***
							(0.17)
5							8.541***
							(0.24)
6							9.799***
							(0.22)
Benefit Duration Less than 1 Year	-0.0510*	-0.0541*	-0.0634*	-0.0447	-0.0378	-0.0559*	-0.0368
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Plan Duration Less than 5 Year	-0.0145	-0.0199	-0.0194	-0.0198	-0.0153	-0.0183	-0.0185
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Year Trend	-0.0581***	-0.0583***	-0.0600***	-0.0561***	-0.0575***	-0.0572***	-0.0556***
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)

Notes: This is the full results for Panel A of Table 3 with adjustment for covariates listed in Table 1 except baseline PCS, MCS and PUD. *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01

Back to article page

ISSN: 1477-7525

Contact us

Submission enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com