The Onset of ADL Difficulties and Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life

Lyu, Wei; Wolinsky, Fredric D.

doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0792-8

Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

Table 4 Full OLS estimates of ADL measures on PCS

From: The Onset of ADL Difficulties and Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life

	Each ADL						ADL Counts
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)
	PCS	PCS	PCS	PCS	PCS	PCS	PCS
N	473282	473282	473282	473282	473282	473282	473282
R-Squared	0.435	0.428	0.401	0.447	0.486	0.414	0.507
PCS_Baseline	0.555***	0.564***	0.581***	0.543***	0.502***	0.574***	0.488***
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
Male	-0.0951**	0.00173	-0.0843*	-0.0110	0.00990	-0.0482	0.0795**
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Race Category
White	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Black	0.278***	0.253***	0.217***	0.0699	-0.0657	0.218***	0.0262
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Other	0.188*	0.214*	0.259**	0.0882	0.116	0.254**	0.0287
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)
Asian	-0.331***	-0.323***	-0.293**	-0.430***	-0.409***	-0.234**	-0.433***
	(0.08)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)
Hispanic	-0.220*	-0.140	-0.246*	-0.156	-0.235*	-0.219*	-0.0784
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.09)
American Native	-0.895*	-0.891**	-0.952**	-0.899**	-0.803**	-0.990**	-0.756*
	(0.36)	(0.34)	(0.36)	(0.35)	(0.30)	(0.36)	(0.30)
Unknown	0.863***	0.889***	0.839***	0.710**	0.570**	0.797***	0.601**
	(0.21)	(0.22)	(0.22)	(0.22)	(0.21)	(0.22)	(0.20)
Education Category
<High School	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
High School or GED	0.454***	0.481***	0.540***	0.531***	0.468***	0.519***	0.403***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Some College or 2 year degree	0.698***	0.746***	0.784***	0.809***	0.740***	0.781***	0.697***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Four Year College Degree or More	1.033***	1.083***	1.116***	1.158***	1.049***	1.116***	1.032***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Missing	0.129	0.172	0.219	0.229	0.135	0.216	0.118
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.12)
Income Category
<$10,000	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
$10,000-$19,999	0.0469	0.0951	0.135*	0.114*	0.116*	0.104	0.00904
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
20000-29999	0.320***	0.377***	0.437***	0.390***	0.370***	0.406***	0.238***
	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.05)	(0.06)	(0.05)
30000-49999	0.662***	0.736***	0.799***	0.726***	0.687***	0.765***	0.536***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
>50000	1.177***	1.243***	1.320***	1.204***	1.158***	1.278***	0.993***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.05)
Don't Know	0.434***	0.475***	0.493***	0.417***	0.404***	0.492***	0.316***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Missing	0.618***	0.680***	0.746***	0.668***	0.638***	0.727***	0.476***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.05)
Marital Status
Married	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Divorced	0.413***	0.384***	0.456***	0.416***	0.425***	0.434***	0.390***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Separated	0.335*	0.367**	0.429**	0.408**	0.434**	0.408**	0.408**
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)
Widowed	-0.255***	-0.348***	-0.344***	-0.260***	-0.105***	-0.326***	-0.105***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Never Married	0.650***	0.574***	0.638***	0.641***	0.641***	0.630***	0.647***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.05)
Missing	0.108	0.0186	0.101	0.194	0.247	0.0769	0.252
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)
Medical History
Hypertension	-0.622***	-0.628***	-0.608***	-0.614***	-0.501***	-0.617***	-0.558***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Angina/Coronary Artery Disease	-0.579***	-0.591***	-0.558***	-0.600***	-0.498***	-0.591***	-0.548***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.04)
Congestive Heart Failure	-0.838***	-0.909***	-0.980***	-0.910***	-0.690***	-0.925***	-0.672***
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.06)
Myocardial Infarction Question	-0.443***	-0.445***	-0.469***	-0.439***	-0.383***	-0.463***	-0.371***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Other Heart Conditions Question	-0.730***	-0.728***	-0.730***	-0.658***	-0.634***	-0.722***	-0.629***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Stroke	-0.753***	-0.812***	-0.927***	-0.698***	-0.567***	-0.886***	-0.411***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
COPD	-1.388***	-1.463***	-1.481***	-1.529***	-1.304***	-1.503***	-1.329***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease	-0.348***	-0.324***	-0.325***	-0.292***	-0.334***	-0.295***	-0.282***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Arthritis of Hip/Knee	-1.096***	-1.087***	-1.125***	-0.848***	-0.683***	-1.081***	-0.678***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Arthritis of Hand/Wrist	-0.567***	-0.546***	-0.550***	-0.498***	-0.540***	-0.556***	-0.498***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Osteoporosis	-0.350***	-0.371***	-0.387***	-0.337***	-0.340***	-0.366***	-0.308***
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.03)
Sciatica	-0.641***	-0.632***	-0.638***	-0.576***	-0.463***	-0.623***	-0.492***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Diabetes	-0.619***	-0.639***	-0.668***	-0.569***	-0.507***	-0.649***	-0.472***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Any Cancer	-0.454***	-0.459***	-0.441***	-0.450***	-0.411***	-0.461***	-0.403***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Hypertension_Missing	-0.310	-0.326*	-0.318	-0.366*	-0.406**	-0.319	-0.337*
	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.17)	(0.16)	(0.15)	(0.16)	(0.16)
Angina/Coronary Artery Disease_Missing	-0.0536	-0.110	-0.101	-0.125	-0.139	-0.0934	-0.123
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.12)
Congestive Heart Failure_Missing	-0.232	-0.167	-0.163	-0.297*	-0.219	-0.180	-0.300*
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.13)
Myocardial Infarction Question_Missing	-0.0373	-0.00857	-0.0936	-0.0246	-0.0281	-0.0764	0.0759
	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.17)	(0.16)	(0.15)	(0.16)	(0.15)
Other Heart Conditions Question_Missing	-0.263*	-0.233	-0.285*	-0.244	-0.286*	-0.228	-0.241
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.12)
Stroke_Missing	-0.120	-0.139	-0.154	-0.151	-0.0876	-0.167	-0.0794
	(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.14)
COPD_Missing	-0.286	-0.355*	-0.303	-0.283	-0.244	-0.297	-0.290
	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.17)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.17)	(0.15)
Inflammatory Bowel Disease_Missing	-0.138	-0.0947	-0.138	-0.139	-0.0980	-0.127	-0.0826
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.12)
Arthritis of Hip/Knee_Missing	-0.454***	-0.408**	-0.431**	-0.313*	-0.268*	-0.461***	-0.249*
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.12)
Arthritis of Hand/Wrist_Missing	-0.230	-0.256*	-0.253*	-0.221	-0.243*	-0.270*	-0.225*
	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.13)	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.13)	(0.11)
Osteoporosis_Missing	-0.128	-0.194	-0.177	-0.0982	-0.127	-0.175	-0.108
	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.12)	(0.11)	(0.12)	(0.11)
Sciatica_Missing	-0.495***	-0.450***	-0.475***	-0.468***	-0.375**	-0.441**	-0.427**
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.13)
Diabetes_Missing	0.122	0.183	0.0992	0.101	0.161	0.108	0.175
	(0.15)	(0.16)	(0.16)	(0.15)	(0.15)	(0.16)	(0.14)
Any Cancer_Missing	-0.158	-0.149	-0.119	-0.110	-0.0972	-0.139	-0.0818
	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.17)	(0.16)	(0.17)	(0.16)
Housing Category
Owned or being bought by you	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Owned or being bought by someone in your family	-0.460***	-0.497***	-0.543***	-0.484***	-0.422***	-0.520***	-0.352***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)
Rented for money	-0.220***	-0.269***	-0.310***	-0.237***	-0.111**	-0.272***	-0.0617
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Live without payment of rent	-0.440***	-0.444***	-0.519***	-0.414***	-0.441***	-0.514***	-0.344***
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.11)	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.09)
None of the above	-0.112	-0.148*	-0.182**	-0.134*	-0.0528	-0.139*	0.0288
	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.06)	(0.07)	(0.06)
Missing	-0.137	-0.143	-0.193*	-0.128	-0.0678	-0.157	-0.0422
	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.08)
BMI Category
Underweight ( < 20)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)	(.)
Normal (20-24)	0.288***	0.336***	0.361***	0.422***	0.354***	0.408***	0.272***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.05)
Overweight (25-29)	0.00587	0.0817	0.119*	0.262***	0.200***	0.178**	0.0831
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Obese (30-34)	-0.524***	-0.434***	-0.422***	-0.151*	-0.134*	-0.339***	-0.263***
	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)	(0.06)
Morbid Obesity (>=35)	-1.235***	-1.151***	-1.191***	-0.749***	-0.510***	-1.069***	-0.670***
	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.08)	(0.07)
Missing	-0.184	-0.108	-0.147	0.0766	0.0856	-0.0361	0.00777
	(0.10)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.11)	(0.10)
Current Smoker	-0.713***	-0.770***	-0.733***	-0.826***	-0.589***	-0.762***	-0.636***
	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.05)	(0.04)	(0.05)	(0.04)
Current Smoker_Missing	0.0580	0.0592	0.0431	0.0256	0.0192	0.0475	-0.0201
	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)	(0.13)
Bone Density Test for Osteoporosis	0.0966**	0.141***	0.153***	0.133***	0.116***	0.153***	0.0716*
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Bone Density Test for Osteoporosis_Missing	-0.193*	-0.166	-0.226*	-0.211*	-0.283**	-0.222*	-0.201*
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.09)	(0.09)	(0.10)	(0.09)
Urine Leakage	-0.708***	-0.712***	-0.762***	-0.565***	-0.547***	-0.708***	-0.441***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.02)	(0.03)	(0.02)
Urine Leakage_Missing	-0.557***	-0.540***	-0.591***	-0.505***	-0.438***	-0.572***	-0.365***
	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)	(0.10)
Talked with Doctor About Physical Activities	0.257***	0.285***	0.309***	0.262***	0.216***	0.293***	0.195***
	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)	(0.02)
Talked with Doctor About Physical Activities_Missing	0.133	0.147	0.155*	0.122	0.107	0.142	0.0826
	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.08)	(0.07)	(0.08)	(0.07)
ADL Items
Bathing	-10.84***
	(0.09)
Dressing		-11.29***
		(0.10)
Eating			-9.176***
			(0.14)
Getting In/Out of Chairs				-8.983***
				(0.06)
Walking					-9.493***
					(0.05)
Using the Toilet						-10.67***
						(0.11)
ADL Counts
0							0
							(.)
1							-7.100***
							(0.05)
2							-9.618***
							(0.06)
3							-12.26***
							(0.11)
4							-14.56***
							(0.16)
5							-16.53***
							(0.18)
6							-13.36***
							(0.20)
Benefit Durantion Less than 1 Year	0.159***	0.156***	0.157***	0.143***	0.120***	0.160***	0.127***
	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)
Plan Duration Less than 5 Year	0.0860*	0.0978*	0.0967*	0.0876*	0.0712	0.0845	0.0750
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)
Year Trend	0.0941***	0.0927***	0.0996***	0.0820***	0.0921***	0.0927***	0.0838***
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
Constant	19.27***	18.57***	17.49***	19.63***	21.91***	17.87***	23.09***
	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)	(0.14)	(0.14)	(0.13)

Notes: This is the full results for Panel A of Table 2 with adjustment for covariates listed in Table 1 except baseline MCS, PUD and MUD. *p<0.1, **p<0.05, ***p<0.01

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