Health-related quality of life in the Brazilian Amazon: a population-based cross-sectional study

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the participants (n = 4001) and mean utility scores

Variables	n	%^a	Mean utility scores	p value^c
Sex
Female	2113	52.8	0.872	Ref.^d
Male	1888	47.2	0.901	<0.001
Age group (years)
18–24	838	20.9	0.912	Ref.
25–34	1152	28.8	0.904	0.174
35–44	843	21.1	0.891	0.004
45–59	772	19.3	0.858	<0.001
≤60	396	9.9	0.822	<0.001
Marital status
Single	2173	54.3	0.898	Ref.
Separated/divorced	260	6.5	0.843	<0.001
Widowed	159	4.0	0.825	<0.001
Married	1409	35.2	0.881	<0.001
Pregnancy (last 12 months)
No	1890	89.5	0.870	Ref.
Yes	223	10.5	0.891	0.051
Ethnicity
White	636	15.9	0.897	Ref.
Black	300	7.5	0.904	0.196
Asian	138	3.5	0.881	0.265
Brown	2886	72.2	0.882	0.012
Indigenous	41	1.0	0.863	0.148
Educational level
Higher education or above	158	4.0	0.892	Ref.
High school	1903	47.5	0.903	0.300
Middle school	649	16.2	0.899	0.543
Elementary school or less	1291	32.3	0.853	0.004
Work status
Formal	761	19.0	0.907	Ref.
Informal	1149	28.8	0.882	<0.001
Retired	315	7.9	0.808	<0.001
Unemployed	1199	29.9	0.890	0.034
Does not work	577	14.4	0.899	0.957
Social class^e
A/B1	124	3.1	0.930	Ref.
B2	505	12.6	0.921	0.456
C1	862	21.5	0.905	0.032
C2	1423	35.6	0.884	<0.001
D/E	1087	27.1	0.852	<0.001
Health perception
Very good	471	11.9	0.920	Ref.
Good	2175	54.3	0.921	0.514
Fair	1108	27.7	0.843	<0.001
Bad	193	4.8	0.738	<0.001
Very bad	54	1.3	0.607	<0.001

^aFrequency adjusted by sample complex design
^bHRQoL values were measured by European Quality of Life 5-Dimensions 3-Levels instrument and transformed as utility values based on values from a previous study in the Brazilian population [28]
^cTobit unadjusted regression analysis
^dRef., reference
^eSocial class according to the Brazilian criteria of economic classification [26]

ISSN: 1477-7525