Table 3 Predictors of depressive symptoms (GDS): Results of fixed effects regression (Follow-up waves 2–5)
Independent variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressive symptoms – Total sample | Depressive symptoms - Women | Depressive symptoms - Men | Depressive symptoms - Interaction | |
Increasing age | 0.0711*** | 0.0416* | 0.0978*** | 0.0710*** |
(0.0118) | (0.0164) | (0.0184) | (0.0119) | |
Loss of spouse | 0.101 | 0.128 | 0.0557 | 0.103 |
(0.164) | (0.219) | (0.243) | (0.164) | |
Onset of social engagement once a week (Ref.: No social engagement) | −0.346** | −0.389** | −0.250+ | −0.381** |
(0.106) | (0.144) | (0.132) | (0.145) | |
Onset of social engagement several times a week | −0.274** | −0.307* | −0.175 | −0.307* |
(0.106) | (0.128) | (0.186) | (0.127) | |
Onset of daily social engagement | −0.219 | −0.329 | −0.100 | −0.310 |
(0.209) | (0.305) | (0.266) | (0.302) | |
Interaction: Gender x onset of social engagement once a week | 0.109 | |||
(0.198) | ||||
Gender x onset of social engagement several times a week | 0.0921 | |||
(0.224) | ||||
Interaction: Gender x onset of daily social engagement | 0.225 | |||
(0.407) | ||||
Decreasing functional impairment (IADL) | −0.155*** | −0.205*** | −0.0916** | −0.155*** |
(0.0238) | (0.0350) | (0.0287) | (0.0239) | |
Comorbidity (Weighted score) | 0.0310** | 0.0345* | 0.0215 | 0.0310** |
(0.0102) | (0.0139) | (0.0141) | (0.0102) | |
Constant | −2.600* | 0.399 | −5.519*** | −2.601* |
(1.008) | (1.471) | (1.516) | (1.013) | |
Observations | 7010 | 4658 | 2352 | 7010 |
R2 | 0.046 | 0.054 | 0.035 | 0.046 |
Number of Individuals | 2391 | 1572 | 819 | 2391 |