The impact of social engagement on health-related quality of life and depressive symptoms in old age - evidence from a multicenter prospective cohort study in Germany

Table 2 Predictors of HRQoL (EQ-VAS): Results of fixed effects regression (Follow-up waves 2–5)

Independent variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Independent variables	HRQOL – Total sample	HRQOL - Women	HRQOL - Men	HRQOL - Interaction
Increasing age	−1.049***	−1.057***	−1.082***	−1.061***
Increasing age	(0.106)	(0.144)	(0.172)	(0.106)
Loss of spouse	1.882	0.875	3.591*	1.961
Loss of spouse	(1.195)	(1.606)	(1.752)	(1.195)
Onset of social engagement once a week (Ref.: No social engagement)	0.188	−0.244	0.989	−0.232
	(0.954)	(1.217)	(1.501)	(1.216)
Onset of social engagement several times a week	4.056***	6.150***	0.235	6.165***
Onset of social engagement several times a week	(1.220)	(1.483)	(2.031)	(1.480)
Onset of daily social engagement	1.095	−0.919	4.150	−0.853
Onset of daily social engagement	(1.864)	(2.312)	(3.071)	(2.305)
Interaction: Gender x onset of social engagement once a week				1.186
				(1.924)
Gender x onset of social engagement several times a week				−5.929*
Gender x onset of social engagement several times a week				(2.493)
Interaction: Gender x onset of daily social engagement				4.775
Interaction: Gender x onset of daily social engagement				(3.793)
Decreasing functional impairment (IADL)	0.591**	0.556*	0.606*	0.581**
Decreasing functional impairment (IADL)	(0.186)	(0.274)	(0.260)	(0.186)
Comorbidity (Weighted score)	−0.121	−0.120	−0.113	−0.116
Comorbidity (Weighted score)	(0.0964)	(0.129)	(0.145)	(0.0965)
Constant	148.0***	148.3***	153.1***	149.0***
Constant	(9.104)	(12.95)	(14.21)	(9.088)
Observations	6816	4511	2305	6816
R²	0.036	0.039	0.035	0.038
Number of Individuals	2381	1565	816	2381

Comments: Beta-Coefficients were reported; Cluster-robust standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, +p < 0.10. Observations with missing values were dropped (listwise deletion)

ISSN: 1477-7525