Table 5 Comparison of factor loadings between the unidimensional (Uni), Bifactor BSEM and multidimensional CFA model

I01 – Overactive, aggressive, disruptive, agitated

0.55

1.15* (0.61)

0.30 (0.14)

0.67

I02 – Non-accidental self-injury

0.45

0.66* (0.43)

0.86* (0.39)

0.69

I03 – Problems with drugs or alcohol

0.23

0.28* (0.29)

0.36 (0.12)

0.26

I04 – Cognitive problems

0.44

0.43* (0.42)

0.44* (0.38)

0.74

I05 – Physical illness or disability problems

0.21

0.10* (0.12)

0.60*(0.45)

0.34

I06 – Problems with hallucination & delusions

0.52

0.76* (0.56)

0.14 (0.71)

0.65

I07 – Problems with depression

0.43

0.48* (0.39)

1.07* (0.80)

0.70

I08 – Other mental health problems

0.46

0.55* (0.45)

−0.13 (0.12)

0.32* (0.21)

0.32

0.30

I09 – Problems with relationships

0.55

0.54* (0.52)

0.38* (0.26)

0.61

I10 – Problems with activities of daily living

0.64

0.62* (0.43)

0.81*(0.53)

0.73* (0.51)

0.31

0.52

I11 – Problems with living conditions

0.51

0.33* (0.30)

0.82* (0.59)

0.64

I12 – Problems with occupation and activity

0.55

0.38* (0.35)

0.84* (0.59)

0.60

ω = 0.827

ω = 0.665

ω = 0.689

ω = 0.616

ω = 0.784

ω_H = 0.603

ω_S = 0.163

ω_S = 0.378

ω_S = 0.409

ω_S = 0.600