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Table 2 Socio-demographic correlates of symptoms of depression and anxiety

From: Psychological status and quality of life among primary caregivers of individuals with mental illness: a hospital based study

Socio-demographic Variables

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7)

Odd Ratio

95% CI

p value

Odd Ratio

95% CI

p value

Age Group

 21–34

7.06

0.79

63.46

.081

2.45

0.26

22.87

.430

 35–49

14.53

1.96

107.86

.009

1.71

0.23

12.84

.604

 50–64

6.37

1.06

38.44

.043

2.10

0.37

12.08

.404

 65+

Reference

       

Ethnicity

 Malay

1.75

0.67

4.53

.252

1.21

0.43

3.46

.717

 Indian

0.74

0.27

2.06

.570

0.43

0.12

1.59

.207

 Others

4.14

0.35

49.68

.262

1.81

0.14

23.45

.651

 Chinese

Reference

       

Gender

 Men

1.57

0.64

3.85

.326

1.23

0.45

3.32

.688

 Women

Reference

       

Marital Status

 Single

2.49

0.79

7.85

.120

1.23

0.33

4.67

.758

 Widowed

0.07

0.00

1.15

.063

0.16

0.01

2.54

.193

 Divorced/Separated

1.28

0.23

7.14

.779

0.36

0.04

2.98

.344

 Married

Reference

       

Education

 No formal/Primary

2.12

0.49

9.21

.317

2.03

0.36

11.49

.424

 Secondary

1.09

0.36

3.35

.880

1.63

0.43

6.28

.474

 Vocational

1.61

0.31

8.30

.571

1.03

0.13

8.00

.975

 A level / Pre-university / Diploma

0.97

0.30

3.11

.955

1.29

0.32

5.18

.718

 University & Above

Reference

       

Employment Status

 Students and Homemakers

1.78

0.71

4.50

.220

0.75

0.26

2.20

.598

 Unemployed

4.00

1.08

14.72

.037

2.76

0.66

11.57

.166

 Employed

Reference

       

Relationship of primary caregivers with Ill relative

 Spouse

0.77

0.24

2.45

.663

0.82

0.23

2.98

.763

 Son/Daughter

0.08

0.02

0.40

.002

1.25

0.25

6.22

.785

 Siblings

0.24

0.04

1.45

.120

1.98

0.31

12.83

.474

 Other Relatives

0.08

0.00

1.56

.097

1.00

   

 Parent

Reference

       

Living Arrangement

 Lives alone

4.62

0.04

509.24

.523

1.08

0.01

78.96

.971

 Lives with parents

3.37

0.91

12.54

.070

0.60

0.11

3.12

.539

 Lives with other relatives

0.56

0.03

10.06

.694

0.18

0.01

3.96

.276

 Lives with children

2.62

0.65

10.63

.177

2.60

0.58

11.60

.212

 Others

8.52

1.44

50.58

.018

6.95

1.15

41.81

.034

 Lives with Spouse/partner

Reference

       

Diagnosis of Ill relative

 Early Psychosis

0.85

0.18

4.06

.841

2.67

0.57

12.51

.212

 Depressive disorder

1.33

0.58

3.04

.500

1.31

0.52

3.30

.570

 Anxiety disorder (OCD & GAD)

1.15

0.30

4.46

.838

1.29

0.26

6.38

.754

 Dementia

5.38

1.07

26.89

.041

1.56

0.22

10.88

.652

 Others

0.12

0.01

1.37

.088

0.72

0.06

8.43

.792

 Unknown

0.46

0.09

2.50

.372

0.47

0.05

4.37

.509

 Chronic Schizophrenia

Reference

       

FIS scores

1.41

1.26

1.59

<.001

1.40

1.23

1.60

<.001

Nagelkerke R-square

0.27

0.24

Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test

274,21, p value = 0.8135

314.38, p value =0.116

  1. p value <0.05 is highlight in bold
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Health and Quality of Life Outcomes

ISSN: 1477-7525

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