Table 5 Mean of AQoL-4D utility scores by sample characteristics using hierarchical cluster to identify multimorbidity, weighted (N = 8820)

 Male

8.6

0.75

0.02

3.7

0.54

0.04

 Female

9.6

0.68

0.01

4.8

0.52

0.02

63.8

41.7

0.7

 16-25 years.

0.4

0.41

0.40

3.4

0.57

0.03

 26-35 years.

0.6

0.72

0.10

4.6

0.57

0.04

 36-45 years.

3.6

0.75

0.12

6.9

0.54

0.05

 46-55 years.

6.6

0.68

0.03

4.7

0.49

0.05

 56-65 years.

20.3

0.72

0.02

3.4

0.44

0.06

 66-75 years.

28.3

0.75

0.01

2.0

0.53

0.05

 76-85 years.

34.7

0.66

0.02

0.6

0.24

0.13

 Thinness (BMI < 18.5)

5.9

0.58

0.17

5.5

0.40

0.10

 Normal (BMI 18.5-24.99)

4.8

0.73

0.02

4.5

0.60

0.03

 Overweight (BMI 25.00-29.99)

9.5

0.73

0.02

3.4

0.47

0.04

 Obesity (BMI >30.00)

17.8

0.68

0.02

4.8

0.48

0.03

 Has post-school qualification

7.7

0.75

0.01

4.2

0.54

0.03

 No post-school qualification

10.8

0.67

0.02

4.3

0.51

0.03

 Employed

4.0

0.76

0.02

3.9

0.60

0.02

 Unemployed

2.0

0.67

0.18

8.2

0.53

0.07

 Not in the labour force

20.2

0.69

0.02

4.7

0.40

0.03

 High

4.1

0.74

0.04

3.5

0.61

0.04

 Moderate

7.8

0.82

0.03

4.4

0.50

0.05

 Low

10.0

0.69

0.01

4.3

0.53

0.02

 Unmarried

6.5

0.64

0.02

5.9

0.49

0.02

 Married

11.4

0.75

0.02

2.8

0.59

0.05

Smoking status

 Current smoker

5.4

0.61

0.05

8.4

0.49

0.03

 Ex-smoker

14.7

0.72

0.02

3.6

0.54

0.05

 Never smoked

7.8

0.74

0.02

2.8

0.56

0.03

 1st decile (lowest)

11.5

0.59

0.06

5.9

0.44

0.06

 2nd decile

9.7

0.69

0.03

3.1

0.46

0.05

 3rd decile

11.0

0.66

0.03

5.6

0.42

0.06

 4th decile

9.1

0.65

0.04

6.4

0.53

0.09

 5th decile

11.8

0.69

0.03

5.6

0.47

0.06

 6th decile

9.2

0.81

0.05

3.5

0.59

0.04

 7th decile

10.7

0.76

0.03

4.1

0.56

0.05

 8th decile

7.2

0.78

0.03

3.8

0.65

0.08

 9th decile

5.3

0.77

0.04

3.0

0.59

0.07

 10th decile (best)

7.2

0.74

0.05

2.7

0.63

0.05