Table 2 Unadjusted scores of health-related quality of life

 Physical functioning

69.87 ± 21.68

72.04 ± 23.36

72.24 ± 21.01

0.601

0.379

0.391

0.941

 Role physical

34.33 ± 43.61

40.94 ± 41.15

32.65 ± 40.80

0.189

0.157

0.747

0.101

 Bodily pain

61.25 ± 26.11

57.95 ± 27.93

63.38 ± 24.31

0.212

0.261

0.517

0.088

 General health

43.33 ± 15.29

52.72 ± 16.50

52.28 ± 15.87

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.820

 PCS

52.20 ± 21.10

55.91 ± 21.65

55.14 ± 17.56

0.242

0.103

0.248

0.753

 Vitality

62.26 ± 18.23

68.78 ± 19.17

65.91 ± 17.36

0.006

0.002

0.111

0.194

 Social functioning

65.18 ± 22.67

70.02 ± 23.94

68.31 ± 20.70

0.157

0.056

0.268

0.531

 Role emotional

45.33 ± 44.39

59.73 ± 45.99

45.32 ± 44.37

0.005

0.004

0.998

0.008

 Mental health

67.6 ± 16.59

63.89 ± 15.99

67.61 ± 14.10

0.053

0.034

0.994

0.049

 MCS

60.09 ± 20.73

65.60 ± 21.52

61.79 ± 19.43

0.050

0.017

0.511

0.126

 Physical functioning

80.55 ± 15.81

86.92 ± 19.30

88.13 ± 16.46

<0.001

0.001

<0.001

0.559

 Role physical

46.34 ± 39.78

63.43 ± 44.65

62.00 ± 42.07

0.001

<0.001

0.003

0.780

 Bodily pain

80.12 ± 16.70

85.98 ± 19.51

82.02 ± 19.11

0.015

0.005

0.410

0.076

 General health

38.74 ± 18.36

53.88 ± 19.23

54.13 ± 17.34

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.910

 PCS

61.44 ± 17.71

72.55 ± 20.36

71.57 ± 18.68

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.669

 Vitality

67.97 ± 18.25

77.72 ± 19.28

78.51 ± 18.46

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.727

 Social functioning

70.57 ± 21.28

79.79 ± 21.07

81.22 ± 0.98

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.573

 Role emotional

54.11 ± 38.37

81.30 ± 45.63

66.91 ± 44.09

<0.001

<0.001

0.017

0.005

 Mental health

75.11 ± 16.08

76.55 ± 15.82

76.82 ± 15.97

0.623

0.417

0.389

0.888

 MCS

66.69 ± 19.63

78.84 ± 20.88

75.62 ± 21.03

<0.001

<0.001

0.001

0.192

 Physical functioning

81.43 + 16.95

89.19 ± 19.18

87.11 ± 16.32

<0.001

<0.001

0.010

0.328

 Role physical

46.68 ± 39.75

64.67 ± 44.18

59.05 ± 41.39

0.001

<0.001

0.018

0.267

 Bodily pain

80.37 ± 18.22

83.26 ± 17.36

83.32 ± 18.73

0.276

0.150

0.189

0.978

 General health

41.13 ± 18.88

53.53 ± 19.06

54.87 ± 18.81

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.555

 PCS

62.40 ± 19.05

72.66 ± 20.31

71.09 ± 19.12

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

0.054

 Vitality

72.77 ± 20.83

82.72 ± 19.80

79.74 ± 19.63

<0.001

<0.001

0.006

0.218

 Social functioning

77.73 ± 22.58

82.67 ± 21.02

83.49 ± 21.61

0.054

0.042

0.034

0.753

 Role emotional

58.11 ± 37.48

78.72 ± 45.77

60.27 ± 39.42

<0.001

<0.001

0.675

<0.001

 Mental health

78.89 ± 19.25

77.64 ± 16.65

77.84 ± 16.72

0.798

0.521

0.631

0.923

 MCS

71.88 ± 21.67

80.44 ± 20.95

75.33 ± 19.51

0.001

<0.001

0.183

0.042