Table 1 General characteristics of the study populations at the baseline

Relationship satisfaction with offspring

<.0001

 Highly unsatisfied

776

23.7

38.63

±

20.06

 Slightly unsatisfied

325

9.9

53.78

±

14.93

 Slightly satisfied

653

20.0

59.85

±

15.69

 Highly satisfied

1,520

46.4

68.86

±

17.88

Regular financial aid from offspring

<.0001

 Yes

1,443

44.1

60.90

±

19.73

 No

1,831

55.9

56.43

±

22.55

Sex

<.0001

 Male

1,329

40.6

61.30

±

20.25

 Female

1,945

59.4

56.42

±

22.04

Age

0.0044

 65-69

1,471

44.9

60.03

±

20.62

 70-79

1,393

42.6

57.49

±

22.03

 ≥ 80

410

12.5

55.66

±

22.08

Marital status

0.6635

 Married

2,092

63.9

60.79

±

20.22

 Single

1,182

36.1

54.16

±

22.91

Education level

<.0001

 More than high school

553

16.9

66.58

±

19.62

 Less than middle school

1,454

44.4

59.76

±

20.53

 Uneducated

1,267

38.7

53.27

±

21.95

Household income

<.0001

 Q4 (High)

793

24.2

65.08

±

17.26

 Q3

902

27.6

58.65

±

20.15

 Q2

828

25.3

53.62

±

22.11

 Q1 (Low)

751

22.9

56.31

±

24.34

Wealth

<.0001

 Q4 (High)

845

25.8

67.04

±

17.90

 Q3

863

26.4

63.40

±

17.91

 Q2

805

24.6

54.60

±

20.93

 Q1 (Low)

761

23.2

47.16

±

23.41

Employment status

0.0156

 Employed

652

19.9

61.78

±

19.87

 Unemployed

2,622

80.1

57.59

±

21.76

Living with offspring

0.1164

 Yes

1,320

40.3

58.23

±

20.88

 No

1,954

59.7

58.51

±

21.85

Smoking

0.2098

 No

2,787

85.1

58.75

±

21.51

 Yes

487

14.9

56.37

±

21.09

Alcohol intake

0.0573

 No

1,247

38.1

59.39

±

20.28

 Yes

2,027

61.9

57.79

±

22.14

Perceived health status

<.0001

 Healthy

1,824

55.7

64.63

±

18.34

 Unhealthy

1,450

44.3

50.56

±

22.52

Limits on activities of daily living

0.0003

 No

1,758

53.7

63.95

±

18.53

 Yes

1,516

46.3

51.96

±

22.80

Depressive symptoms

<.0001

 No

1,771

54.1

64.60

±

19.11

 Yes

1,503

45.9

51.10

±

21.79

Frequency of contact with a neighbor

<.0001

 None

318

9.7

48.30

±

24.18

 Meet once a month or less

586

17.9

56.83

±

20.58

 Meet once a month or more

2,370

72.4

60.14

±

20.89

Number of chronic disease

0.0100

 None

1,165

35.6

61.54

±

19.74

 1

1,791

54.7

57.87

±

21.83

 2+

318

9.7

49.90

±

22.90

Total

3,274

100

58.40

±

16.03