Table 4 Determinants of HRQoL in multilevel linear regression model

Fixed parts

Age group: ref. = 60 ~ 69 years

<0.01⁺⁺

 70 ~ 79

−0.035

(-0.042, -0.027)

 80 ~ 89

−0.082

(-0.092, -0.072)

  ≥ 90

−0.145

(-0.167, -0.122)

Women

−0.014

(-0.021, -0.007)

<0.01

Ethnicity: ref. = Han

<0.01

 Zhuang

0.026

(0.003, 0.048)

 Maonan

0.012

(-0.004, 0.029)

 Dong

0.003

(-0.014, 0.019)

 Jing

0.003

(-0.023, 0.033)

 Miao

0.001

(-0.018, 0.018)

 Mulao

−0.010

(-0.028, 0.008)

 Yao

−0.020

(-0.038, -0.003)

Marital status: ref. = Single

<0.01

 Married

0.009

(-0.016, 0.034)

 Divorced or widowed

−0.013

(-0.039, 0.012)

Educational attainment: ref. = Illiterate

0.10⁺⁺

 Primary school

0.001

(-0.007, 0.009)

 Junior high school

0.012

(0.001, 0.024)

Annual income: ref. = ≤1,000 (CNY)

<0.01

  ≥ 10,000

0.034

(0.013, 0.055)

 5,000 ~ 9,999

0.023

(0.008, 0.039)

 3,000 ~ 4,999

0.016

(0.004, 0.028)

 1,001 ~ 2,999

0.010

(-0.001, 0.021)

Empty-nested family

0.006

(-0.002, 0.014)

0.13

Health insurance

0.010

(-0.020, 0.040)

0.51

Type of housing: ref. = Brick

0.11

 Earthen

0.008

(-0.000, 0.017)

 Wooden

−0.001

(-0.013, 0.010)

Monoculture

0.003

(-0.011, 0.018)

0.70

Distance to county seat: ref. = ≤ 20 km

0.20

 21 ~ 39

−0.005

(-0.019, 0.009)

  ≥ 40

−0.009

(-0.018, 0.018)

Geography: ref. = Flatland

0.48

 Hilly

0.003

(-0.013, 0.020)

 Mountainous

−0.007

(-0.024, 0.010)

Random-effect parts

Villages

0.014

(0.009, 0.020)

Households

0.048

(0.037, 0.063)