Health status and health service utilization in remote and mountainous areas in Vietnam

Table 5 Factors associated with health-related quality of life of respondents

	EQ–5D-5 L Index				VAS score
	Coef	p value	95 % CI		Coef	p value	95 % CI
Age groups (1–5)	−0.061	<0.01	−0.081	−0.041
Sex: female vs. male					11.41	0.16	−4.46	27.28
Ethnics
Kinh (ref)
Muong	0.11	<0.01	0.049	0.17
Others	0.059	0.12	−0.015	0.133
Annual income per head
Lowest (ref)
Low					15.53	0.13	−4.41	35.46
Middle
High	0.091	0.01	0.02	0.162
Highest	0.102	0.01	0.027	0.177
% Spending on health care
Lowest (ref)
Low	0.065	0.06	−0.002	0.131
Moderate					−26.86	0.01	−6.84	−46.88
Difficulty in accessing health services
Yes vs. No					−16.54	0.05	−32.84	−0.23
Distance to health station
<1 km (ref)
1–2 km	−0.052	0.06	−0.106	0.002	−12.4	0.13	−28.47	3.66
Health problems
None (ref)
Single	−0.065	0.19	−0.163	0.032
Multiple	−0.102	0.03	−0.196	−0.009
Const	0.972	<0.01	0.863	1.082	72.36	<0.01	58.07	86.65

(Full model included age, sex, religion, educational attainment, annual income per head, health problems, health care spending, and distance to health stations, difficulty in accessing health services, and difficulty in accessing traditional medical care services)