Parameters (reference category) | Regression coefficients (standard error) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Empty model | Model only with health literacy | Main model with all patient and practice variables | Model with interactions | |
Patient demographics | ||||
Intercept | 48.78 | 51.66 | 52.90 | 55.49 |
Female patients (male) |  |  | −0.72 (0.90) | −0.58 (0.88) |
Age, years | ||||
55–70 (40–54) |  |  | −0.92 (0.88) | 0.87 (1.22) |
Born in Australia (born in outside Australia) |  |  | −0.93 (0.90) | −1.11 (0.89) |
Owner-occupier (rented) |  |  | −0.46 (1.39) | −0.95 (1.37) |
College/university (elementary/high School) | Â | Â | 2.06 (0.83)* | 2.83 (1.53) |
Employed patients (unemployed) | Â | Â | 6.02 (1.20)*** | 2.62 (1.71) |
Retired patients (unemployed) |  |  | 3.15 (1.40)* | −0.17 (1.86) |
Patient risk factors | ||||
Insufficient health literacy (sufficient health literacy) |  | −5.57 (0.77) | −5.35 (0.79)*** | −9.55 (2.47)*** |
Smoker (non-smoker) |  |  | −2.85 (1.52) | 0.75 (2.32) |
Poor diet (having adequate fruits and vegetables intake) |  |  | −0.60 (0.96) | −0.33 (0.94) |
Alcohol risk (drinking ≤2 standards drinks in a day) |  |  | 1.90 (1.69) | 2.89 (1.67) |
Insufficient physical activity (adequate physical activity) |  |  | −3.07 (0.78)*** | −3.15 (0.76)*** |
Overweight (having normal range BMI) |  |  | −1.84 (0.81)* | −1.96 (0.80)* |
Patient interaction effects | ||||
Low health literacy × 55–70 |  |  |  | −3.82 (1.70)* |
Low health literacy × degree |  |  |  | 2.83 (1.53)a* |
Low health literacy × employed |  |  |  | 6.13 (2.30)** |
Low health literacy × retired |  |  |  | 6.16 (2.74)* |
Low health literacy × smokers |  |  |  | −6.42 (3.02)* |
Practice characteristics | ||||
Size 1–3 general practitioners (4 or more GPs) |  |  | −1.42 (1.13) | −1.38 (1.14) |
More than one nurses (one or no nurse) |  |  | −1.65 (1.09) | −1.65 (2.74) |
Random effects | ||||
Variance between general practices (standard errors) | 6.28 (2.93) | 5.31 (2.58) | 1.77 (1.51) | 2.02 (1.54) |
% variance explainedb | Â | 15.5 | 71.8 | 67.8 |
Variance between patients (standard errors) | 107.45 (5.90)*** | 97.65 (5.41)*** | 85.70 (4.97)*** | 81.87 (4.75)*** |
% variance explainedb | Â | 9.1 | 20.2 | 23.7 |