Cross-cultural measurement equivalence of the 5-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Singapore

Table 3 The 90 % confidence intervals of the differences in EQ-5D-5L index and VAS scores between different language groups

Measure	Unadjusted difference (90 % CI)^a			Adjusted difference (90 % CI)^a
Measure	Chinese vs. English^b	Malay vs. English^b	Malay vs. Chinese^c	Chinese vs. English^b	Malay vs. English^b	Malay vs. Chinese^c
EQ-5D-5L index score	−0.029 (−0.061 to 0.004)	−0.024 (−0.055 to 0.007)	0.004 (−0.033 to 0.042)	0.014 (−0.029 to 0.058)^d	−0.009 (−0.050 to 0.031)^d	−0.044 (−0.094 to 0.006)^e
EQ-VAS score	2.549 (−0.064 to 5.163)	6.393 (3.850 to 8.936)	3.844 (1.146 to 6.541)	6.176 (2.615 to 9.738)^d	7.572 (4.205 to 10.939)^e	0.603 (−2.949 to 4.155)^d

CI confidence interval; EQ-5D-5L 5-level EQ-5D; EQ-VAS, EQ-visual analog scale
^aLinear regression was used; difference = the 1st group – the 2nd group (reference group)
^bEnglish version was the reference group
^cChinese version was the reference group
^dEquivalence was demonstrated
^eEquivalence cannot be determined

ISSN: 1477-7525