Table 5 Known-groups validity of the K-PAID and K-PAID-5 by gender
Underlying construct | Scale/subscales and their names (number of items) | Males (n = 226) | Females (n = 214) | t(p) | Cohen’s effect size (d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean±SD | Mean±SD | ||||
Full form (K-PAID) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
One-factor constructa | Single scale (20 items) | 33.21±22.23 | 36.99±21.96 | -1.84 (p = 0.07) |  |
Two-factor constructb | Subscale 1: Lack of confidence (7 items) | 8.65±6.21 | 8.88±6.44 | -0.38 (p = 0.71) |  |
|  | Subscale 2: Negative emotional consequences (13 items) | 24.56±16.01 | 28.11±16.57 | -2.29 (p = 0.02) | 0.22 |
Two-factor constructc | Subscale 1: Diabetes distress (15 items) | 28.05±17.40 | 30.70±17.42 | -1.60 (p = 0.11) |  |
|  | Subscale 2: Support-related issues (5 items) | 5.16±4.74 | 6.29±5.43 | -2.32 (p = 0.02)g | 0.22 |
Three-factor constructd | Subscale 1: Diabetes-related emotional problems (15 items) | 24.65±16.29 | 27.64±16.84 | -1.89 (p = 0.06) |  |
|  | Subscale 2: Food-related problems (3 items) | 6.60±4.23 | 6.94±4.16 | -0.84 (p = 0.40) |  |
|  | Subscale 3: Social-support-related problems (2 items) | 1.95±2.28 | 2.41±2.69 | -1.93 (p = 0.05)g |  |
Four-factor constructe | Subscale 1: Diabetes-related emotional problems (12 items) | 20.87±14.56 | 24.40±15.57 | -2.46 (p = 0.01) | 0.23 |
|  | Subscale 2: Treatment-related problems (3 items) | 3.78±2.94 | 3.24±2.78 | 2.00 (p = 0.05) |  |
|  | Subscale 3: Food-related problems (3 items) | 6.60±4.23 | 6.94±4.16 | -0.84 (p = 0.40) |  |
|  | Subscale 4: Social-support-related problems (2 items) | 1.95±2.29 | 2.41±2.69 | -1.93 (p = 0.05)g |  |
Short form (K-PAID-5) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
One-factor constructf | Single scale (5 items) | 7.97±5.35 | 9.71±5.64 | -3.30 (p < 0.01) | 0.31 |